PRODUCT INFORMATION Kynurenic Acid (hydrate) Item No. 16792 CAS Registry No.: 345909-35-5 Formal Name: 4-hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic O acid, hydrate N Synonym: NSC 58973 OH MF: C10H7NO3 • XH2O FW: 189.2 • XH O Purity: ≥98% 2 UV/Vis.: λmax: 220, 239, 340 nm OH Supplied as: A crystalline solid Storage: -20°C Stability: As supplied, 2 years from the QC date provided on the Certificate of Analysis, when stored properly Laboratory Procedures Kynurenic acid (hydrate) is supplied as a crystalline solid. Kynurenic acid (hydrate) is sparingly soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl formamide. For biological experiments, we suggest that organic solvent-free aqueous solutions of kynurenic acid (hydrate) be prepared by directly dissolving the crystalline solid in aqueous buffers. The solubility of kynurenic acid (hydrate) in 0.1 M NaOH is approximately 1 mg/ml. We do not recommend storing the aqueous solution for more than one day. Description Kynurenic acid is a natural metabolite of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway. It has pronounced effects on neuronal signaling and, thus, impacts diverse neurological systems.1,2 Kynurenic acid broadly antagonizes ionotopic glutamate receptors at high micromolar to millimolar concentrations and is used to pharmacologically block the activation of these receptors in vivo or in vitro.3 In addition, it reportedly has more potent effects at glutamate receptor subunit ζ-1 (Ki = 5.4 µM), GPR35 (EC50 = 39 µM), aryl hydrocarbon 2,4-6 receptor (EC50 = 300 nM), and neuronal acetylcholine receptor α-7 (IC50 = 7 µM). References 1. Schwarcz, R., Bruno, J.P., Muchowski, P.J., et al. Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: When physiology meets pathology. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13(7), 465-477 (2012). 2. Turski, M.P., Turska, M., Paluszkiewicz, P., et al. Kynurenic acid in the digestive system-new facts, new challenges. Int. J. Tryptophan Res. 6, 47-55 (2013). 3. Albuquerque, E.X. and Schwarcz, R. Kynurenic acid as an antagonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain: Facts and challenges. Biochem. Pharmacol. 85(8), 1027-1032 (2013). 4. McQuaid, L.A., Smith, E.C., Lodge, D., et al. 3-Phenyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones: Potent and selective antagonists at the strychnine-insensitive glycine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. J. Med. Chem. 35(18), 3423-3425 (1992). 5. Wang, J., Simonavicius, N., Wu, X., et al. Kynurenic acid as a ligand for orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35. J. Biol. Chem. 281(31), 22021-22028 (2006). 6. Funke, M., Thimm, D., Schiedel, A.C., et al. 8-Benzamidochromen-4-one-2-carboxylic acids: Potent and selective agonists for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35. J. Med. Chem. 56(12), 5182-5197 (2013). WARNING CAYMAN CHEMICAL THIS PRODUCT IS FOR RESEARCH ONLY - NOT FOR HUMAN OR VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE. 1180 EAST ELLSWORTH RD SAFETY DATA ANN ARBOR, MI 48108 · USA This material should be considered hazardous until further information becomes available. Do not ingest, inhale, get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. Wash thoroughly after handling. Before use, the user must review the complete Safety Data Sheet, which has been sent via email to your institution. PHONE: [800] 364-9897 WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF REMEDY [734] 971-3335 Buyer agrees to purchase the material subject to Cayman’s Terms and Conditions. Complete Terms and Conditions including Warranty and Limitation of Liability information can be found on our website. FAX: [734] 971-3640 [email protected] Copyright Cayman Chemical Company, 03/13/2017 WWW.CAYMANCHEM.COM.