Zootaxa 3794 (2): 201–221 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3794.2.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:44D20C47-D2C9-4B39-B676-68BFC48287C3 The genus Palaeagapetus Ulmer (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Ptilocolepinae) in North America TOMIKO ITO1, ROBERT W. WISSEMAN2, JOHN C. MORSE3, MURRAY H. COLBO4 & JOHN S. WEAVER III5 1Hokkaido Aquatic Biology, Hakuyo-cho, 3-3-5, Eniwa, Hokkaido, 061-1434 Japan. E-mail: [email protected] 2Aquatic Biology Associates, Inc. 3490 NW Deer Run Street, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA 3School of Agricultural, Forest, & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 130 McGinty Court, Clemson, SC 29634-0310, USA 4SFS Taxonomic Certification Program, Acadia University, A.C.E.R., Room #139, 23 Westwood Avenue, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada 5USDA, APHIS, PPQ, 4600 Goer Drive, Ste. 104, North Charleston, SC 29406 USA Abstract The genus Palaeagapetus Ulmer (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Ptilocolepinae) is revised in North America. Descriptions of the western species, P. nearcticus Banks 1938, are provided with the first descriptions of the female, pupa, larva, egg and case and with notes on food, habitat and annual life cycle. The male and female of the eastern species, P. celsus Ross 1936, are described or redescribed with some ecological notes. Distributions of the two species are summarized. Key words: adult, pupa, larva, case, food, habitat, annual life cycle, distribution Introduction Palaeagapetus Ulmer (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Ptilocolepinae) is a small Holarctic genus containing 11 species: 2 living species in North America, 7 living species in the Asian Far East and 2 fossil species from Baltic and Turonian ambers (Ulmer 1912; Banks 1936; Ito & Hattori 1986; Botosaneanu & Levanidova 1987; Ito 1991a, 1991b, 2010; Ito et al. 1997; Botosaneanu et al. 1998). All known larvae live among liverworts (Hepaticae, Jungermanniales) just above the water in small streams in forests, making their bivalve cases of liverwort pieces and eating the liverworts (Flint 1962; Wiggins 1996; Ito 1998, 2010; Ito & Vshivkova 1999; Ito et al. 1997). Two species of this genus are distributed in North America: P. nearcticus Banks 1936 in the west (from British Colombia to California) and P. celsus Ross 1936 in the east (reported previously from Quebec and New Brunswick south to Oklahoma, Tennessee and North Carolina) (Wiggins 1996; Morse 2013). In this paper, the descriptions of the adult and immature stages, including the first descriptions of some of these stages are provided along with notes on their distribution, habitat, food and annual life cycle. Material and methods Genitalia segments were figured after treatment in hot 10 % KOH solution. Terminology follows Botosaneanu & Levanidova (1987), Wiggins (1996) and Wiggins & Currie (1996). Repositories of specimens are shown in parentheses. Names of collectors, repositories and observers are abbreviated as follows: T. Ito (TI); Robert W. Wisseman (RWW); John C. Morse (JCM), Murray H. Colbo (MHC), John S. Weaver, III (JSW), D. E. Ruiter (DER), J. Lee (JL), O. S. Flint, Jr. (OSF), California Academy of Sciences (CAS), Christian Service University (CSU), Clarion University (CUP), Clemson University Arthropod Collection (CUAC), Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Oregon State University, Accepted by R. Holzenthal: 20 Mar. 2014; published: 6 May 2014 201 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 Fisheries (OSAC-F), Oregon State University, Entomology (OSAC-E), Rhithron Associates Collection (RAI), Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), University of New Hampshire (UNHC), University of Montreal (QMOR). Specimens deposited in the TI Collection were used for the present descriptions, and adult specimens of P. celsus in the Clemson University Arthropod Collection were additionally used for measurements. Palaeagapetus nearcticus Banks 1936 (Figs. 1–6, 8, Table 1) Palaeagapetus nearcticus Banks 1936, 265, figs. 1–3, male; Frania & Wiggins, 1997, larva, 7, 13, 22, figs. 4, 7, 18; Schmid 1998, 31. Palaeagapetus guppyi Schmid 1951, 1–2, figs. 1–2, male; Djernæs, 2011, adult, 19, 35, 49, fig. 23; synonymized by Botosaneanu & Levanidova1987, 43. Adult (Fig. 1). Body black in life and dark brown in alcohol, 3.3 mm long in males (3.0–3.8 mm, n=17) and 4.0 mm long in females (3.1–4.4 mm, n=4). Antennae 27- or 28-segmented (n=2), 2.7 mm long, 0.77 times as long as body in male (2.6–2.8 mm, n=2); scape (1A, B) slightly thicker and longer than other segments. Maxillary palpi (1A) each 5-segmented, segment I short and round, segments II to V cylindrical; labial palpi (1A) each 3- segmented, all segments cylindrical; both pairs of palpi covered with fine setae. Head (1A, B): large anteromesal setal wart (am) and pair of small anterior setal warts (a) often fused, pair of posterior setal warts (p) round, pair of posterolateral setal warts (pl) large; numerous setae scattered on anterior 1/3. Pronotum with two pairs of round warts, mesoscutum with pair of long oblique warts, and mesoscutellum with single subtriangular wart. Wings (1C) broad, black, covered with short black hairs, with few small white spots in middle of each forewing. Length of each forewing and hind wing, respectively: 4.0 mm and 3.5 mm in males (3.8–4.3 mm and 3.1–3.9 mm, n=17), 4.2 mm and 3.6 mm in females (4.1–4.5 mm and 3.4–3.9 mm, n=4). Forewings each with apical forks 1–5 and hind wings lacking fork 4; discoidal cell present in male and absent in female. Venation variable individually and even on opposite sides of same specimen; cross veins r and s absent in forewings of some male and female specimens; apex of Sc joined to R1 in hind wings of some female specimens. Spurs 2, 4, 4. Lateral bulges (gland) of sternum V (1D, J) round. Acute ventral process developed on segment VII in male (1D) and segment VI of female (1J). Male genitalia (Figs. 1E–I). Segment IX short, anterolateral margins long, projecting to middle of segment VIII. Lateral appendages of tergite IX (la ap) developed from mid-lateral region of genital capsule, slightly variable individually (1E, H, I); long, 1.2 times as long as capsule, directed caudad and tribranched at middle; dorsal branches (db) longest, with many fine spines at apical half and each with single seta apically; middle branches (mb) as long as 1/2 of dorsal branches, thickest, each completely covered with fine spines and with single seta apically; ventral branches (vb) shortest, 1/4–1/5 length of dorsal branches, each with single seta and several spines apically. Tergite X (tX) depressed dorsoventrally, curved dorsad apically in lateral view (1E), semicircular in dorsal view (1F). Inferior appendages (1E, G, ia) short, each divided into dorsal lobe (dl) and ventral lobe (vl); lobes subequal in length, subacute apically; dorsal lobe curved mesad, ventral lobe directed caudad. Phallus (1E, G, ph) short, broad, membranous with small sclerotized structure inside. Female genitalia (Figs. 1J, K). Segments I–VII very setose, each with sclerotized tergite and sternite, tergite VIII unpigmented at anterior half and slightly pigmented at posterior half. Segments IX–X very short, each segment about 1/6th as long as segment VIII, with somewhat developed cerci. Vaginal apparatus (1K) slender, lateral projections undeveloped, lateral bands round. Pupa (Fig. 2). Body (2A) slightly depressed dorsoventrally; length up to 4.0 mm. Antennae and wing pads reaching to abdominal segment V or VI (2A). Mandibles (2B) triangular, each with numerous minute teeth and large tooth on inner edge. Pair of hook plates (2A, C, D) present near anterior margins of each of segments III–VII and near posterior margins of segments III–V, 10–18 hooks on each plate. Anal process (2A) thick and round apically. Instars of larva (Fig. 3). Head widths of larvae reared from eggs in laboratory and collected on Mary’s Peak, Oregon, 1982–1983 (see ‘Habitat and specimens’), separating into 5 groups, suggesting 5 instars as follows: 1st instar 0.15–0.16 mm, 2nd instar 0.18–0.19 mm, 3rd instar 0.22–0.25 mm, 4th instar 0.28–0.32 mm, and 5th instar 0.36–0.39 mm, respectively. 202 · Zootaxa 3794 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press ITO ET AL. FIGURE 1. Palaeagapetus nearcticus male and female. Male (A–I): A, head, left lateral; B, head and thorax, dorsal; C, right wings, dorsal; D, abdominal segments V–X, left lateral; E, genitalia, left lateral; F, same, dorsal; G, same, ventral; H, I, lateral appendage, left lateral. Female (J, K): J, abdominal segments V–X, left lateral; K, vaginal apparatus, ventral. Abbreviations: 1–5=1st to 5th apical forks; V–X= abdominal segments V–X; tX= tergite X. Setal warts (B): a= anterior setal wart, am= anteromesal setal wart, p=posterior setal wart, pl=posterolateral setal wart. Genitalia: ia=inferior appendage (paired): dl=dorsal lobe of inferior appendage, vl=ventral lobe of inferior appendage; la ap=lateral appendage (paired): db=dorsal branch of lateral appendage; mb=middle branch of lateral appendage, vb=ventral branch of lateral appendage; ph, phallus. PALAEAGAPETUS IN NORTH AMERICA Zootaxa 3794 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 203 FIGURE 2. Palaeagapetus nearcticus pupa and newly emerged adult. Pupa (A–D): A, dorsal; B, left mandible, dorsal; C, anterior hook plate, dorsal; D, posterior hook plate, dorsal. Newly emerged adult: E, wing erection of newly emerged adult, left lateral, see text. FIGURE 3. Instar analysis of Palaeagapetus nearcticus larvae by head-width distribution. Final (5th) instar larva (Fig. 4). Body (4A) suberuciform, length up to 5 mm, flattened dorsoventrally, widest at abdominal segments III–V, membranous portion whitish yellow and sclerites deep brown.