International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001 Vol. 11, Issue 3, Jun 2021, 145–152 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. FRACTURE, FATIGUE AND FAILURE ANALYSIS ON ELONGATION IN ANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL DEFORMED BY ARB PROCESS P. B. SOB1 & M. PITA2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, Private Bag X021, South Africa 2Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa ABSTRACT Imposing strain during ARB process by forcing external and internal grain sizes of conventional material dimensions to nanometer scale by top down that gives rise to enhanced materials. This impacts the resistance and ductility due to material cracking which negatively impact on material properties such as elongation to failure from useful elongation that usually enhanced mechanical properties. Several parameters characterized fracture, fatigue and failure to elongation during ARB process. Recent studies also revealed some information on the scientific origins of lack of ductility in a material, resistance due to fracture and the main factors govern fatigue resistance in a material during property enhancement. In the current study, the strain model was optimized during material fatigue by ARB process. Different facture, fatigue and failure mode analysis was revealed due to ARB process and their impact on material Article Original properties was revealed. Their different intrinsic mechanisms being used to enhance material hardening and material strain rate sensitivity during production so as to delay necking and improve grain-boundary cohesion which resist intergranular cracks or voids in a material are revealed. It was shown that, the extrinsic manufacturing methods are utilized by hybridizing the produced material with another material to delocalize material deformation process and that is commonly used in stretchable electronics. It was also revealed that the initiation in material fatigue crack being enhanced by a fine structure, but at the expense of greater crack fatigue growth rates during material deformation process. The extrinsic toughening through hybridization process during material deformation allows arresting or bridging cracks during ARB process. KEYWORDS: Fracture, Fatigue, Failure, Elongation And Nanostructure Material. Received: Feb 16, 2021; Accepted: Mar 06, 2021; Published: Apr 01, 2021; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN202110 INTRODUCTION For over decades now, there have been several research investigations on the advancement of fatigue and fracture mechanism during accumulative roll bonding in most metallic alloys industry [1-2]. Several research investigations on the recent advances in the material fracture, fatigue and failure analysis on elongation during ARB process in metallic alloys typically involves microstructural scales within tens of nanoscale being used in microscopic conventional analysis [1-2]. Recent studies show that the most system in the physical and fractural mechanics in metals materials in Nano-scale dimension [1-3]. Other research findings also shown the mechanical behaviour of fracture, fatigue and failure analysis on elongation during ARB process have a main focus on material mechanism of deformation during ARB process, and this is always done with limited attention to fracture process during deformation [1-4]. The material resistant to fracture process during ARB process is being reported to be very weak and it is mostly quantified by limited ductility process or it is quantified by very low material fracture www.tjprc.org [email protected] 146 P. B. Sob & M. Pita toughness [1-9]. These are critical issues that greatly impacts material properties during ARB process and it must be solved in order to create a viable application of nanostructured metallic materials in most industries since material failure to elongation has limited the practical application of nanomaterials in most industries. Several microstructural analysis and characteristics of internal microstructure in metallic structures involving submicron dimension in “2D” films or “1D” wires at submicron characteristic in internal microstructure sizes revealed more complex microstructural in terms of material elongation process and material fracture analysis during ARB process. Material fracture mechanicsof 1D and 2D material structure are very complex in a sense due to the fact that, both the microstructure and the general system characteristic in lengths generally affect the material facture and elongation process during ARB. Practically these factors facilitate properties enhancement process in community sector that produced bulk nanostructured metals for various applications. The material properties are greatly impacted by processing temperature during ARB process. Nanomaterials are very sensitive to temperature and therefore they are very sensitive even in low temperature. Materials with static fracture crystalline material was initially addressed with a little consideration in some of the critical issues relating to the environment such as varying temperature that effects on metallic glasses. Most often, material fracture is addressed from the general material failure mode process and that often includes pre-crack, under different static conditions. This involves material ductility by plastic localization. Most material fatigue processes are always treated in the process of material resistance to crack initiation process and the tendency of the crack that usually propagate from a pre-existing crack during ARB process. Most material facture process involves basic process in material science. Most of this methods focused on the specific materials methods of imposing stress/strain and rate of material deformation process as addressed in this research paper. The specific method of imposing stress/strain and rate of material deformation provides more information on the mechanisms in metals with nanoscale dimensions and this revealed the critical parameters between useful elongation and elongation to failure during facture, fatigue and failure analysis on elongation to failure during ARB process as revealed in this study. These aspects in material useful elongation and elongation to failure are critically during operation. Some studies focused on “local approach” to fracture during elongation and failure mechanisms in relation to microstructure and their physical phenomena during ARB. Several results in the damage of material and cracking resulting to specific deformation process developed in metals during the ARB process. This problem must be properly addressed since for over decades now, the opening applications on different engineering fields where optimal strength. This comes with a backdrop of several key issues that impacts the processing methods in industrial application and structural applications process, such as ductility that are low in terms of elongation that are uniform and strain fracture which impact material and the resistant of the material to cracking when the material is used in several structural applications. The low strain hardening properties in this material are the reason for the limited resistance to plastic and elongation that are uniform. In several materials, damages and cracks are reported and the critical issue is predominance of matrial intergranular mechanisms due to extreme material stress build-up in the grain- boundaries (GBs) of the material and due to the presence of processing defects during ARB process. Recent research work revealed an approach of recovery material ductility by introducing heterogeneities at multiple scales and by favouring rate sensitivity in nano-twinned (NT) metals [9] or in hybrid nano-structuring strategies being used in the bimodal or multi- modal grain size distributions and in multi-phase alloys being graded as single or multiphase systems, multi-layered metallic composites, generation of Impact Factor (JCC): 9.6246 NAAS Rating: 3.11 Fracture, Fatigue and Failure Analysis on Elongation in Anocrystalline Material Deformed by Arb Process 147 controlled internal stress distributions, and combination of solute additives as solutions for property enhancement. This doesn’t always lead to property enhancement as the main problem is to model the optimal properties that led to material stability and control useful elongation. Therefore, material fracture, Fatigue and failure analysis on Elongation during ARB process is complex and complicated and therefore it is difficult to control useful elongation and elongation to failure during ARB process. METHODOLOGY Modeling Fracture, Fatigue and Failure Analysis on Elongation During ARB Process To model fracture, fatigue and failure mode during elongation by ARB process, it is important to model the processing parameters that impacts facture, fatigue and failure during elongation and these parameters includes low material ductility in uniform elongation process and strain fracture in the material which negatively impact material capabilities and material resistance to crack. Figures 1 (a-d) depicts an ARB process, the different directions of grain refinement during ARB, and microstructural cracks that impacts fracture, fatigue, and failure mode as shown by [10]. The results that are shown in Fig 1 (e) show the different possibility of cracks propagation during elongation by ARB process. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 1. (a) Accumulative Roll