Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 6—Inhalation Rates TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................................... 6-ii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................. 6-iv 6. INHALATION RAT ES ............................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................6-1 6.2. RECOMMENDATIONS ...............................................................................................................6-2 6.3. KEY INHALATION RATE STUDIES ..........................................................................................6-7 6.3.1. Brochu et al. (2006b)—Physiological Daily Inhalation Rates for Free-Living Individuals Aged 1 Month to 96 Years, Using Data From Doubly Labeled Water Measurements: A Proposal for Air Quality Criteria, Standard Calculations, and Health Risk Assessment ...................................................................................................6-7 6.3.2. Arcus-Arth and Blaisdell (2007)—Statistical Distributions of Daily Breathing Rates for Narrow Age Groups of Infants and Children ....................................................6-7 6.3.3. Stifelman (2007)—Using Doubly Labeled Water Measurements of Human Energy Expenditure to Estimate Inhalation Rates ...........................................................6-9 6.3.4. U.S. EPA (2009a)—Metabolically Derived Human Ventilation Rates: A Revised Approach Based Upon Oxygen Consumption Rates .......................................................6-9 6.3.5. Key Studies Combined ..................................................................................................6-10 6.4. RELEVANT INHALATION RATE STUDIES ............................................................................6-10 6.4.1. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (1981)—Report of the Task Group on Reference Man ................................................................................6-10 6.4.2. U.S. EPA (1985)—Development of Statistical Distributions or Ranges of Standard Factors Used in Exposure Assessment ............................................................ 6-11 6.4.3. Shamoo et al. (1990)—Improved Quantitation of Air Pollution Dose Rates by Improved Estimation of Ventilation Rate ....................................................................... 6-11 6.4.4. Shamoo et al. (1991)—Activity Patterns in a Panel of Outdoor Workers Exposed to Oxidant Pollution .......................................................................................................6-12 6.4.5. Linn et al. (1992)—Documentation of Activity Patterns in “High-Risk” Groups Exposed to Ozone in the Los Angeles Area ...................................................................6-13 6.4.6. Shamoo et al. (1992)—Effectiveness of Training Subjects to Estimate Their Level of Ventilation .......................................................................................................6-14 6.4.7. Spier et al. (1992)—Activity Patterns in Elementary and High School Students Exposed to Oxidant Pollution ........................................................................................6-15 6.4.8. Adams (1993)—Measurement of Breathing Rate and Volume in Routinely Performed Daily Activities, Final Report ......................................................................6-15 6.4.9. Layton (1993)—Metabolically Consistent Breathing Rates for Use in Dose Assessments ...................................................................................................................6-16 6.4.10. Linn et al. (1993)—Activity Patterns in Ozone Exposed Construction Workers ...........6-18 6.4.11. Rusconi et al. (1994)—Reference Values for Respiratory Rate in the First 3 Years of Life ..................................................................................................................6-18 6.4.12. Price et al. (2003)—Modeling Interindividual Variation in Physiological Factors Used in PBPK Models of Humans.................................................................................6-19 6.4.13. Brochu et al. (2006a)—Physiological Daily Inhalation Rates for Free-Living Pregnant and Lactating Adolescents and Women Aged 11 to 55 Years, Using Data From Doubly Labeled Water Measurements for Use in Health Risk Assessment ....................................................................................................................6-19 6.4.14. Allan et al. (2009)—Inhalation Rates for Risk Assessments Involving Construction Workers in Canada ...................................................................................6-20 6.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 6 ..............................................................................................6-21 Exposure Factors Handbook Page September 2011 6-i Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 6—Inhalation Rates LIST OF TABLES Table 6-1. Recommended Long-Term Exposure Values for Inhalation (males and females combined) ........ 6-3 Table 6-2. Recommended Short-Term Exposure Values for Inhalation (males and females combined) ........ 6-4 Table 6-3. Confidence in Recommendations for Long- and Short-Term Inhalation Rates ............................ 6-6 Table 6-4. Distribution Percentiles of Physiological Daily Inhalation Rates (PDIRs) (m3/day) for Free-Living Normal-Weight Males and Females Aged 2.6 Months to 96 Years ......................... 6-24 Table 6-5. Mean and 95th Percentile Inhalation Rate Values (m3/day) for Free-Living Normal-Weight Males, Females, and Males and Females Combined ................................................................... 6-25 Table 6-6. Distribution Percentiles of Physiological Daily Inhalation Rates (PDIRs) (m3/day) for Free-Living Normal-Weight and Overweight/Obese Males and Females Aged 4 to 96 Years ... 6-27 Table 6-7. Distribution Percentiles of Physiological Daily Inhalation Rates (PDIRs) per Unit of Body Weight (m3/kg-day) for Free-Living Normal-Weight Males and Females Aged 2.6 Months to 96 Years...................................................................................................................... 6-28 Table 6-8. Distribution Percentiles of Physiological Daily Inhalation Rates (PDIRs) (m3/kg-day) for Free-Living Normal-Weight and Overweight/Obese Males and Females Aged 4 to 96 Years ... 6-29 Table 6-9. Physiological Daily Inhalation Rates (PDIRs) for Newborns Aged 1 Month or Less ................ 6-30 Table 6-10. Non-Normalized Daily Inhalation Rates (m3/day) Derived Using Layton’s (1993) Method and CSFII Energy Intake Data .................................................................................................... 6-31 Table 6-11. Mean and 95th Percentile Inhalation Rate Values (m 3/day) for Males and Females Combined .. 6-32 Table 6-12. Summary of Institute of Medicine (IOM) Energy Expenditure Recommendations for Active and Very Active People With Equivalent Inhalation Rates ......................................................... 6-33 Table 6-13. Mean Inhalation Rate Values (m3/day) for Males, Females, and Males and Females Combined .................................................................................................................................... 6-34 Table 6-14. Descriptive Statistics for Daily Average Inhalation Rate in Males, by Age Category ................ 6-35 Table 6-15. Descriptive Statistics for Daily Average Inhalation Rate in Females, by Age Category ............. 6-36 Table 6-16. Mean and 95th Percentile Inhalation Rate Values (m3/day) for Males, Females, and Males and Females Combined .................................................................................................... 6-37 Table 6-17. Descriptive Statistics for Average Ventilation Rate, Unadjusted for Body Weight, While Performing Activities Within the Specified Activity Category, for Males by Age Category ...... 6-39 Table 6-18. Descriptive Statistics for Average Ventilation Rate, Adjusted for Body Weight, While Performing Activities Within the Specified Activity Category, for Males by Age Category ...... 6-43 Table 6-19. Descriptive Statistics for Average Ventilation Rate, Unadjusted for Body Weight, While Performing Activities Within the Specified Activity Category, for Females by Age Category ... 6-47 Table 6-20. Descriptive Statistics for Average Ventilation Rate, Adjusted for Body Weight, While Performing Activities Within the Specified Activity Category, for Females by Age Category ... 6-51 Table 6-21. Descriptive Statistics for Duration of Time (hours/day) Spent Performing Activities Within the Specified Activity Category, by Age for Males ......................................................... 6-55 Table 6-22. Descriptive Statistics for Duration of Time (hours/day) Spent Performing Activities Within the Specified Activity Category, by Age for Females ..................................................... 6-58 Table 6-23. Mean Inhalation Rate Values (m3/day) From Key Studies for Males and Females Combined ... 6-61 Table 6-24. 95th Percentile Inhalation Rate Values (m3/day) From Key Studies for Males and Females Combined ...................................................................................................