The origin of the elements – Dr. Ille C. Gebeshuber, www.ille.com – Vienna, March 2007 The origin of the elements Univ.-Ass. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Ille C. Gebeshuber Institut für Allgemeine Physik Technische Universität Wien Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/134 1040 Wien Tel. +43 1 58801 13436 FAX: +43 1 58801 13499 Internet: http://www.ille.com/ © 2007 © Photographs of the elements: Mag. Jürgen Bauer, http://www.smart-elements.com 1 The origin of the elements – Dr. Ille C. Gebeshuber, www.ille.com – Vienna, March 2007 I. The Periodic table............................................................................................................... 5 Arrangement........................................................................................................................... 5 Periodicity of chemical properties.......................................................................................... 6 Groups and periods............................................................................................................. 6 Periodic trends of groups.................................................................................................... 6 Periodic trends of periods................................................................................................... 7 Examples ................................................................................................................................ 7 Noble gases ........................................................................................................................ 7 Halogens............................................................................................................................. 7 Transition metals................................................................................................................ 7 Lanthanides and actinides .................................................................................................. 7 Structure of the periodic table ................................................................................................ 7 History.................................................................................................................................... 8 II. Overview .......................................................................................................................... 11 III. The elements from Actinium to Zirconium........................................................................ 16 Actinium............................................................................................................................... 16 Aluminum............................................................................................................................. 16 Americium............................................................................................................................ 17 Antimony.............................................................................................................................. 18 Argon.................................................................................................................................... 19 Arsenic ................................................................................................................................. 21 Astatine................................................................................................................................. 21 Barium.................................................................................................................................. 22 Berkelium............................................................................................................................. 23 Beryllium.............................................................................................................................. 24 Bismuth ................................................................................................................................ 25 Bohrium................................................................................................................................ 27 Boron.................................................................................................................................... 27 Bromine................................................................................................................................ 29 Cadmium .............................................................................................................................. 30 Calcium ................................................................................................................................ 31 Californium .......................................................................................................................... 32 Carbon .................................................................................................................................. 32 Cerium.................................................................................................................................. 34 Cesium.................................................................................................................................. 36 Chlorine................................................................................................................................ 37 Chromium............................................................................................................................. 38 Cobalt ................................................................................................................................... 39 Columbium — see Niobium. ............................................................................................... 40 Copper .................................................................................................................................. 40 Curium.................................................................................................................................. 41 Darmstadtium....................................................................................................................... 41 Deuterium — an isotope of hydrogen — see Hydrogen...................................................... 42 Dubnium............................................................................................................................... 42 Dysprosium .......................................................................................................................... 43 Einsteinium........................................................................................................................... 43 Element 112.......................................................................................................................... 44 Element 113 — (Ununtrium) See Element 115. .................................................................. 44 Element 114 — (Ununquadium) Symbol Uuq..................................................................... 44 Element 115— (Ununpentium)............................................................................................ 45 2 The origin of the elements – Dr. Ille C. Gebeshuber, www.ille.com – Vienna, March 2007 Element 116 — (Ununhexium) Symbol Uuh....................................................................... 45 Element 117 — (Ununseptium) Symbol Uus. ..................................................................... 45 Element 118 — (Ununoctium) Symbol Uuo........................................................................ 45 Erbium.................................................................................................................................. 46 Europium.............................................................................................................................. 47 Fermium ............................................................................................................................... 47 Fluorine ................................................................................................................................ 48 Francium............................................................................................................................... 49 Gadolinium........................................................................................................................... 50 Gallium................................................................................................................................. 51 Germanium........................................................................................................................... 52 Gold...................................................................................................................................... 53 Hafnium................................................................................................................................ 55 Hahnium — A name previously used for Element 105, now named dubnium. .................. 56 Hassium................................................................................................................................ 56 Helium.................................................................................................................................. 57 Holmium............................................................................................................................... 59 Hydrogen.............................................................................................................................