doi: 10.19090/i.2018.29.63-77 UDC: 339.1“17“ ISTRAŽIVANJA ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCHES Received: 7 July 2018 29 (2018) Accepted: 31 August 2018 BORO BRONZA University of Banja Luka Faculty of Philosophy, Department of History [email protected] PREPARATIONS OF THE AUSTRIAN EXPEDITION TOWARDS INDIA 1775-1776 Abstract: During the second half of the 18th century Austria’s trade policy sought to restore ties to India and other parts of Asia that had successfully existed during the period of the Ostend Company (1722-1731). In this respect, the increasingly successful activity of the British East India Company was an example for the Vienna government in indicating of which lucrative possibilities lay in the proper development of trade in the east. Austria soon decided to try to organize trade expeditions to India itself and the British experience was of primary importance to it. An indispensable link for the launch of such ventures was the opportunity for the representatives of the Austrian diplomatic network to meet directly with individuals from the group of traders who had already had extensive experience in trade with India. This was exactly the case in London in 1774, when the Austrian Ambassador Ludovico Luigi Carlo Maria di Barbiano di Belgiojoso met one of the most famous European entrepreneurs of the second half of the 18th century, William Bolts. It was the beginning of a new great Austrian adventure in Asia and at the same time an attempt to radically redefine the essential nature of the Habsburg position and philosophy. Immediately after the Austrian diplomatic network came into contact with Bolts, the sophisticated preparations of the expedition began, before the final take off in 1776. Keywords: Austria, India, Maria Theresa, Joseph II, William Bolts. uring the 18th century the Habsburg Monarchy slowly, agonizingly, but ultimately uncompromisingly converted to Austria. The aspects of centralization in the frame D of state institutions whose development was usually implied in the case of some other European state equivalents and opponents, mostly determined as national states, remained largely unknown to the concept of Viennese structures until the very collapse of the entire Habsburg system in 1918. Nevertheless, the second half of 18th century was the period when, through intense reforms, many of the dysfunctional Habsburgs milieus evolved into a coherent set with more pronounced functionality. Among others, the change was indicated by the positioning on the north western European coast, right after the outcome of the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714). Thanks to the possession of 63 Antwerp, Oostende and other coastal cities in Southern Netherlands, the perspectives of participation in the Western European trading conglomerate, comprising primarily Great Britain, the Netherlands and France, opened up for Austria at the very height of economic dominance of those nations in the planetary framework. In this way, Austria was actually given the opportunity to become a Western European state much more than ever before. An additional dimension in such a transformation should have been represented by numerous Spanish advisers who were brought to the courtyard in Vienna by Emperor Carlo VI (1711-1740) after his episode in Catalonia (1705-1711) and unsuccessful attempts to gain the Spanish crown. Already a couple of centuries-old Spanish colonial experience was supposed to help Austria to organize its own colonial and trade policy more efficiently. In this context, Spanish consultants should have had a key role in projects aimed at establishing trade relations between Austria and very remote areas such as India and China.1 Since the end of the Thirty Years’ War in 1648 the mouth of the River Scheldt into the North Sea was under the firm control of the (northern) Dutch. In this way, they completely closed the possibility of Antwerp and Southern (Spanish) Netherlands to use the port, which during most of the 16th century was without any doubt the spot of most important and busiest world maritime and commercial crossroads and which made Antwerp the most important planetary economic centre.2 Due to the inability to use Antwerp, the Austrian authorities directed by Spanish advisers decided to choose Ostend (Oostende), a small town west of Bruges, to the northwest of Gent and Brussels, for the centre of its maritime efforts on the coast of Flanders, which at that time actually represented the only location with an acceptable harbour on the entire coast of the Austrian Netherlands. Although the attempt with Ostend was initially an improvisation, it was quickly proven that this place was an excellent choice since as early as 1715 Austrian merchant ships from this Flanders port were increasingly sailing towards Arabia, India and China.3 The Emperor put the Ostend Company under the full patronage of the state in December 1722 and enabled it to have a huge starting capital of six million guilders, with the capital being divided into 6,000 shares, each of which had a value of 1,000 guilders. Shares were put up for sale at the stock exchange in Antwerp on 11 August 1723. They were purchased mostly by local retailers from Antwerp and Gent so that in the end a group of 54 largest investors from Antwerp itself had as many as 3,037 shares or more than 50 percent of the total emissions. The election of the company director was done in accordance with this and they were largely recruited by the key local retailers. Jacques De Pret, Louis-François de Coninck and Pietro Proli represented Antwerp, while Jacques Maelcamp, Paulo De Kimp and Jacques Baut represented Ghent, and the Irish trader Thomas Ray figured as a representative 1 Faber 1995: 51. 2 Despite many Austrian attempts throughout the 18th century, the Scheldt was not open to maritime traffic. The Netherlands owned a monopoly on the trade at the mouth of the Scheldt until 1863. This relationship directed by the Dutch that resulted in Antwerp’s few centuries of deliberate poverty had intense reflections on the relations between the Netherlands and Belgium, which in the war of 1830-1839 managed to diverge from the Netherlands and become an independent state. Israel 1995: 1013. 3 Keay 1991: 247. 64 of Ostend.4 One of the main shareholders was Leopold Philip, Duke of Arenberg. Although the ships sailed from Ostend, the company’s headquarters were in Antwerp.5 The Austrian company thus became a surprisingly significant competition for British and Dutch merchants. Under pressure from Great Britain and the Netherlands, the Company’s work was suspended for seven years on 31 May 1727. Soon it turned out that this was not enough for the traditional naval forces, so Charles VI, in a treaty with Great Britain of 16 March 1731 agreed to completely abolish the Ostend Company, with the permission to maintain a minimum trade with India (a possibility to send only two ship for India annually). Thus, the Habsburg ruler destroyed the most profitable Austrian trading company throughout the whole of the 18th century. The political decision related to an attempt to obtain the recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction, which was the reason for its liquidation only nine years later, was no longer significant because of the outbreak of the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748).6 In the coming decades came a complete collapse of Austrian trade towards the southern and eastern parts of Asia. The Austrian concentration on the events in Europe, and in particular the struggle with Prussia to overcome issues related to the organization of German affairs, completely dominated Austrian politics during the first three decades after the death of Charles VI in 1740. It was only in the late 1760s that there was more diversification in Austrian foreign policy, which was largely a reflection of the growing influence of Joseph II, the crown prince, i.e. from 1765 a co-ruler of his mother, Empress Maria Theresa. Austrian diplomacy around that time began a new phase of its institutional development manifested by the creation of sophisticated plans for new aspects of expansion towards the southeast. An example of the success of Britain, as well as other West European maritime trading powers, in the first place of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden) and France, was a propellant for the creation of much wider projects in both geographical and economic contexts. Undoubtedly, implied by the results of its relatively short existence (1751-1765), the Emden East India Trading Company (Emder Ostasiatische Handelskompanie), owned by the Prussian rival,7 the Austrian government gathered around Prince Kaunitz (Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz-Rietberg, 1711-1794) was increasingly open to the creation of a diplomatic and economic policy with intercontinental dimensions. One of the main points in the growingly sophisticated system of Habsburg diplomacy was the embassy in London. Its significance grew in line with the growing importance of Great Britain in the world. Since 10 March 1770 the head of the Austrian diplomatic mission in London was Ambassador Ludovico Luigi Carlo Maria di Barbiano e Belgiojoso (1728- 1801). The Count of Belgiojoso was a descendant of an Italian aristocratic family, who had their headquarters in the same town in the south of Milan.8 His father and grandfather had 4 Baguet 2015: 51-52. 5 Michielsen 1937: 129. 6 Nagel 2007: 57. 7 Eberstein 2007: 23. 8 Today, Belgioioso is actually one of the southern suburbs of Milan. The family name is most commonly written as Belgiojoso and the name of the place Belgioioso originates from the family name. However, there are many 65 already performed very important functions in the system of Austrian administration and diplomacy during the past decades, which was in line with the fact that the Duchy of Milan from the 1713 (Utrecht peace) was also under the direct administration of the Habsburg Monarchy.