APPENDIX - F Irrigation and Drainage APPENDIX - F IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE Table of Contents Page Chapter 1 GENERAL.............................................................................................F - 1 Chapter 2 NATURAL CONDITION ......................................................................F - 2 2.1 Topography and Geology..............................................................................F - 2 2.2 Meteorology and Hydrology .........................................................................F - 3 2.2.1 Climate............................................................................................F - 3 2.2.2 Water Resources..............................................................................F - 3 2.2.3 Hydrogeology..................................................................................F - 4 Chapter 3 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE STUDY AREA................................F - 5 3.1 General.........................................................................................................F - 5 3.2 Water Source ................................................................................................F - 6 3.2.1 Surface Irrigation.............................................................................F - 6 3.3.2 Agrowell .........................................................................................F - 8 3.3 Irrigation and Drainage System.....................................................................F - 8 3.4 Small Tank Cascade Systems......................................................................F - 10 3.5 Farmers’ Participation in Rehabilitation Work.............................................F - 12 3.6 Operation and Maintenance.........................................................................F - 13 3.6.1 Participatory Irrigation Management Policy...................................F - 13 3.6.2 Responsibilities of O&M...............................................................F - 15 3.6.3 Staffing and Organisations.............................................................F - 16 3.6.4 Water Management........................................................................F - 18 3.6.5 Water Distribution .........................................................................F - 19 3.6.6 Maintenance..................................................................................F - 20 3.7 Previous and On-going Projects related to the Study Area...........................F - 21 Chapter 4 PRESENT CONDITIONS OF THE IRRIGATION SCHEMES ...........F - 25 4.1 Irrigation and Drainage System...................................................................F - 25 4.2 Operation and Maintenance.........................................................................F - 32 4.2.1 Meetings to Decide Seasonal Cultivation.......................................F - 32 4.2.2 Operation ......................................................................................F - 33 4.2.3 Monitoring of Irrigation Performance............................................F - 35 4.2.4 Maintenance..................................................................................F - 35 4.2.5 Involvement in O&M ....................................................................F - 38 i 4.2.6 Turnover of O&M .........................................................................F - 39 4.2.7 Conflict Management ....................................................................F - 39 4.2.8 O&M Cost ....................................................................................F - 41 4.2.9 Legal Aspects on O&M.................................................................F - 43 4.2.10 Farmers’ Perception of O&M ........................................................F - 44 4.2.11 O&M Equipment...........................................................................F - 44 Chapter 5 CONSTRAINTS AND APPROACH TO IMPROVEMENT................F - 45 5.1 Constraints..................................................................................................F - 45 5.1.1 General..........................................................................................F - 45 5.1.2 Constraints on Irrigation Facilities.................................................F - 45 5.1.3 Constraints on Water Supply at Headworks ...................................F - 47 5.1.4 Constraints on Water Distribution in On-farm Level......................F - 48 5.2 Approach to Improvement ..........................................................................F - 48 5.3 Concepts for Overcoming the Constraints...................................................F - 50 Chapter 6 REHABILITATION AND IMPROVEMENT ......................................F - 54 6.1 Irrigation and Drainage Plan .......................................................................F - 54 6.1.1 General..........................................................................................F - 54 6.1.2 Irrigation Water Demand ...............................................................F - 54 6.1.3 Water Resources Assessment.........................................................F - 56 6.1.4 Delineation of Irrigation Area........................................................F - 59 6.2 Rehabilitation and Improvement Plan of Irrigation Facilities and Farm Roads..........................................................................................................F - 59 6.2.1 General..........................................................................................F - 59 6.2.2 Irrigation Facilities ........................................................................F - 60 6.2.3 Farm Road.....................................................................................F - 61 6.3 Strengthening of Farmers’ Participation in Rehabilitation / Improvement Works .........................................................................................................F - 61 6.3.1 Needs of Farmers’ Participation in Rehabilitation / Improvement Works............................................................................................F - 61 6.3.2 Getting Consensus of Farmers to Formulate the Rehabilitation Plan...............................................................................................F - 62 6.3.3 Survey, Irrigation, and Design .......................................................F - 62 6.3.4 Tendering and Contracting.............................................................F - 62 6.3.5 Monitoring Progress of Rehabilitation Works ................................F - 62 6.3.6 Quality Control for Rehabilitation Works ......................................F - 63 6.3.7 Joint Inspection and Operation for Irrigation Facilities ..................F - 63 ii Chapter 7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES AND FARM ROADS .....................................................F - 64 7.1 General.......................................................................................................F - 64 7.2 Water Management .....................................................................................F - 64 7.2.1 Irrigation Scheduling and Planning................................................F - 64 7.2.2 Water Distribution .........................................................................F - 65 7.2.3 Operation under Emergency Condition..........................................F - 65 7.3 Maintenance Works ....................................................................................F - 66 7.3.1 General..........................................................................................F - 66 7.3.2 Inspection and Patrol.....................................................................F - 66 7.3.3 Maintenance Planning ...................................................................F - 67 7.3.4 Maintenance Activities..................................................................F - 67 7.3.5 Execution of Maintenance Works ..................................................F - 68 7.3.6 Emergency Repair .........................................................................F - 69 7.4 Data Collection, Monitoring and Reporting Systems...................................F - 69 7.4.1 General..........................................................................................F - 69 7.4.2 Data Collection..............................................................................F - 70 7.4.3 Data Processing and Reporting......................................................F - 71 7.4.4 Review of Operation......................................................................F - 72 7.5 O&M Costs ................................................................................................F - 72 7.6 Training for O&M Works............................................................................F - 72 Chapter 8 RESEARCH PROGRAMME FOR CASCADE SYSTEM AND SUBSURFACE WATER......................................................................F - 74 List of Tables Page Table F 3.1 Paddy Field by Irrigation Scheme and Cultivation Year ......................FT - 1 Table F 3.2 Paddy Field in the Study Area in 1996/97...........................................FT - 2 Table F 3.3 Previous and On-going Projects related to the Study Area (1/2 - 2/2)..FT - 3 Table F 4.1 Hydrological Characteristics of Minor Irrigation Schemes (1/2 - 2/2) .FT - 5 Table F 4.2 Preliminary Assessment of Major and Medium Schemes (1/4 - 4/4) ...FT - 7 Table F 6.1 Irrigation Water