Choudhury_bindex.indd 391 7/22/2011 4:08:46 AM Critical Neuroscience Choudhury_ffirs.indd i 7/22/2011 4:37:11 AM Choudhury_ffirs.indd ii 7/22/2011 4:37:11 AM Critical Neuroscience A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience Edited by Suparna Choudhury and Jan Slaby A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Choudhury_ffirs.indd iii 7/22/2011 4:37:11 AM This edition first published 2012 © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Critical neuroscience : a handbook of the social and cultural contexts of neuroscience / edited by Suparna Choudhury and Jan Slaby. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4443-3328-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Neurosciences–Social aspects. 2. Mental illness. 3. Social adjustment. I. Choudhury, Suparna. II. Slaby, Jan. [DNLM: 1. Neurosciences. 2. Mental Disorders. 3. Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical. 4. Social Adjustment. WL 100] RC343.3.C75 2012 362.196′89–dc23 2011013466 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs [9781444343328]; Wiley Online Library [9781444343359]; ePub [9781444343335]; mobi [9781444343342] Set in 10/12.5pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2012 Choudhury_ffirs.indd iv 7/22/2011 4:37:11 AM Contents Credits vii List of Illustrations viii About the Editors x List of Contributors xi Preface xiii Introduction: Critical Neuroscience—Between Lifeworld and Laboratory 1 Suparna Choudhury and Jan Slaby Part I—Motivations and Foundations 27 1 Proposal for a Critical Neuroscience 29 Jan Slaby and Suparna Choudhury 2 The Need for a Critical Neuroscience: From Neuroideology to Neurotechnology 53 Steven Rose 3 Against First Nature: Critical Theory and Neuroscience 67 Martin Hartmann 4 Scanning the Lifeworld: Toward a Critical Neuroscience of Action and Interaction 85 Shaun Gallagher Part II—Histories of the Brain 111 5 Toys are Us: Models and Metaphors in Brain Research 113 Cornelius Borck 6 The Neuromance of Cerebral History 135 Max Stadler 7 Empathic Cruelty and the Origins of the Social Brain 159 Allan Young Choudhury_ftoc.indd v 7/23/2011 8:24:35 PM vi Contents Part III— Neuroscience in Context: From Laboratory to Lifeworld 177 8 Disrupting Images: Neuroscientific Representations in the Lives of Psychiatric Patients 179 Simon Cohn 9 Critically Producing Brain Images of Mind 195 Joseph Dumit 10 Radical Reductions: Neurophysiology, Politics and Personhood in Russian Addiction Medicine 227 Eugene Raikhel 11 Delirious Brain Chemistry and Controlled Culture: Exploring the Contextual Mediation of Drug Effects 253 Nicolas Langlitz Part IV— Situating the Brain: From Lifeworld Back to Laboratory? 263 12 From Neuroimaging to Tea Leaves in the Bottom of a Cup 265 Amir Raz 13 The Salmon of Doubt: Six Months of Methodological Controversy within Social Neuroscience 273 Daniel S. Margulies 14 Cultural Neuroscience as Critical Neuroscience in Practice 287 Joan Y. Chiao and Bobby K. Cheon Part V— Beyond Neural Correlates: Ecological Approaches to Psychiatry 305 15 Re-Socializing Psychiatry: Critical Neuroscience and the Limits of Reductionism 307 Laurence J. Kirmayer and Ian Gold 16 Are Mental Illnesses Diseases of the Brain? 331 Thomas Fuchs 17 Are there Neural Correlates of Depression? 345 Fernando Vidal and Francisco Ortega 18 The Future of Critical Neuroscience 367 Laurence J. Kirmayer Index 385 Choudhury_ftoc.indd vi 7/23/2011 8:24:35 PM Credits Figure 5.1 Sketch by Wilder Penfield to illustrate a hypothetical scanning mechanism in the hippocampi. Reproduced by permission of the Literary Executor of the estate of Wilder Penfield. Chapter 9 This chapter is a slightly revised and shortened version of chapter 3 of the author’s monograph Picturing Personhood: Brain Scans and Biomedical Identity. Princeton University Press, 2004. The material is re-produced with kind permission from Princeton University Press. Chapter 11 This chapter is a revised translation of Nicolas Langlitz (2010), ‘Kultivi- erte Neurochemie und unkontrollierte Kultur. Über den Umgang mit Gefühlen in der psychopharmakologischen Halluzinogenforschung.’ Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften, no. 2. The original German article is followed by a debate between the author and five natural and cultural scientists (Malek Bajbouj, Hartmut Böhme, Ludwig Jäger, Boris Quednow, & Sigrid Weigel). Chapter 12 This chapter draws on a Target Article published by the author in Neuropsychoanalysis, with kind permission. Figure 14.1 Cultural neuroscience: Parsing universality and diversity across levels of analysis. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology (pp. 237–254). Chiao, J. Y. & Ambady, N. (2007). Copyright Guilford Press. Adapted with permission of The Guilford Press. Choudhury_fbetw.indd vii 7/23/2011 8:24:25 PM List of Illustrations Figures Chapter 4 Figure 4.1: Indirect measures of mind and brain Chapter 5 Figure 5.1: Sketch by Wilder Penfield of memory mechanism inside brain Figure 5.2: Comparison of electric and nervous circuitry Figure 5.3: Mental cinema: the processing of visual information by the brain Figure 5.4: Theodor Meynert’s special preparation technique for highlighting the interconnectivity within the brain Chapter 9 Figure 9.1: PET procedure in progress at Johns Hopkins University Medical Center. A research doctor, assisted by two technicians in the room and another one in the computer room behind shielded glass, draws blood and monitors the patient Figure 9.2: Gray scale differences. Figures (a) and (b) have the same numerical data set behind them, but they are colored according to two different tables of black, gray, and white rules Figure 9.3: Ecstasy user’s brain graph Figure 9.4: Aging Graph. Graph showing decline in cerebral glucose utilization (CMRglu) with age is the same in mean overall cortex, caudate-thalamus, and white matter. Each data point represents the average measurements from five normal subjects. Error bars represent one standard deviation Figure 9.5: Schizophrenia extremes. PET supraventricular slices (a), and PET intraventricular slices (b), for three subjects without schizophrenia and three patients with schizophrenia Choudhury_fbetw.indd viii 7/23/2011 8:24:26 PM List of Illustrations ix Chapter 14 Figure 14.1: Example of the cultural neuroscience framework Figure 14.2: Collectivistic nations show greater prevalence of S allele carriers of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) Chapter 16 Figure 16.1: Effects of psychotherapy and drug therapy as seen from an experiential aspect (left) and from a physiological aspect (right) Color Plates Plate 1: PET scans illustrating the subtraction and averaging processes Plate 2: Three-dimensional PET scans of “normal” and “schizophrenic brains” Plate 3: Screen capture of the Image Viewer applet (ePET) Plate 4: Identical PET scans illustrating pseudo-color choices Plate 5: PET scan of the brain of a heavy user of MDMA (“ecstasy”) compared with the scan of a normal control subject Plate 6: “Plain Brain/Brain after Ecstasy”; an illustration for the Twenty-fifth Anniversary Poster NIDA Plate 7: PET scans of the Ravens Advanced Matrices intelligence test, from Sharon Begley’s “How to Tell if you’re Smart – See Your Brain Light Up,” in Newsweek 1988 Choudhury_fbetw.indd ix 7/23/2011 8:24:26 PM About the Editors Suparna Choudhury is Junior Professor at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science and the Berlin School of Mind and Brain,