Technical Paper No. 225 Subsistence Harvests and Trade of Pacific Herring Spawn on Macrocystis Kelp in Hydaburg, Alaska by Anne-Marie Victor-Howe February 2008 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the following reports by the Division of Subsistence. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Measures (fisheries) centimeter cm Alaska Administrative fork length FL deciliter dL Code AAC mideye-to-fork MEF gram g all commonly accepted mideye-to-tail-fork METF hectare ha abbreviations e.g., Mr., standard length SL kilogram kg Mrs., AM, PM, etc. total length TL kilometer km all commonly accepted liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Mathematics, statistics meter m Ph.D., all standard mathematical milliliter mL R.N., etc. signs, symbols and millimeter mm at @ abbreviations compass directions: alternate hypothesis HA Weights and measures (English) east E base of natural logarithm e cubic feet per second ft3/s north N catch per unit effort CPUE foot ft south S coefficient of variation CV gallon gal west W common test statistics (F, t, χ2, inch in copyright © etc.) mile mi corporate suffixes: confidence interval CI nautical mile nmi Company Co. correlation coefficient ounce oz Corporation Corp. (multiple) R pound lb Incorporated Inc. correlation coefficient quart qt Limited Ltd. (simple) r yard yd District of Columbia D.C. covariance cov et alii (and others) et al. degree (angular ) ° Time and temperature et cetera (and so forth) etc. degrees of freedom df day d exempli gratia expected value E degrees Celsius °C (for example) e.g. greater than > degrees Fahrenheit °F Federal Information greater than or equal to ≥ degrees kelvin K Code FIC harvest per unit effort HPUE hour h id est (that is) i.e. less than < minute min latitude or longitude lat. or long. less than or equal to ≤ second s monetary symbols logarithm (natural) ln (U.S.) $, ¢ logarithm (base 10) log Physics and chemistry months (tables and logarithm (specify base) log2, etc. all atomic symbols figures): first three minute (angular) ' alternating current AC letters Jan,...,Dec not significant NS ampere A registered trademark ® null hypothesis HO calorie cal trademark ™ percent % direct current DC United States probability P hertz Hz (adjective) U.S. probability of a type I error horsepower hp United States of (rejection of the null hydrogen ion activity pH America (noun) USA hypothesis when true) α (negative log of) U.S.C. United States probability of a type II error parts per million ppm Code (acceptance of the null parts per thousand ppt, U.S. state use two- hypothesis when false) β ‰ letter abbreviations (e.g., AK, WA) second (angular) " volts V standard deviation SD watts W standard error SE variance population Var sample var TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 225 SUBSISTENCE HARVESTS AND TRADE OF PACIFIC HERRING SPAWN ON MACROCYSTIS KELP IN HYDABURG, ALASKA by Anne-Marie Victor-Howe, Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence, Juneau Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, Alaska, 99811-5526 February 2008 The Division of Subsistence Technical Paper series was established in 1979 and represents the most complete collection of information about customary and traditional uses of fish and wildlife resources in Alaska. The papers cover all regions of the state. Some papers were written in response to specific fish and game management issues. Others provide detailed, basic information on the subsistence uses of particular communities which pertain to a large number of scientific and policy questions. Technical Paper Series reports are available through the Alaska State Library and on the Internet at http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us Anne-Marie Victor-Howe, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, Alaska 99811-5526, USA This document should be cited as: Victor-Howe, A.-M. 2008. Subsistence harvests and trade of Pacific herring spawn on Macrocystis kelp in Hydaburg, Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Technical Paper No. 225, Juneau. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) administers all programs and activities free from discrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, or disability. The department administers all programs and activities in compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility please write: ADF&G ADA Coordinator, P.O. Box 115526, Juneau AK 99811-5526 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4040 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 300 Webb, Arlington VA 22203 Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington DC 20240 The department’s ADA Coordinator can be reached via phone at the following numbers: (VOICE) 907-465-6077, (Statewide Telecommunication Device for the Deaf) 1-800-478-3648, (Juneau TDD) 907- 465-3646, or (FAX) 907-465-6078 For information on alternative formats and questions on this publication, please visit our web site at http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................................ii LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................................................ii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1. THE HAIDA OF THE ALEXANDER ARCHIPELAGO.....................................................................3 Kaigani Haida Settlements And An Ecological Overview Of The Kaigani Haida Territory........................................4 Kaigani Haida Settlements........................................................................................................................................4 Ecological Overview ..............................................................................................................................................13 Prehistory And Early History ......................................................................................................................................14 Prehistory................................................................................................................................................................14 Early History...........................................................................................................................................................15 Cultural Abstract .........................................................................................................................................................16 Language ................................................................................................................................................................16 Social Organization ................................................................................................................................................17 Ceremonies: Feasts, Potlatches and Distribution of Property.................................................................................18 Subsistence .............................................................................................................................................................19 Consolidation..........................................................................................................................................................19 The Early Economy of Hydaburg...........................................................................................................................20 Trade............................................................................................................................................................................23 Trade: A Fundamental Feature of Haida Traditional Society.................................................................................23 Trade Organized by Leadership..............................................................................................................................24 Trading During Specific Seasons ...........................................................................................................................24 Movement Of Goods, Variations In Resource Distribution, And Trade Relationships ..............................................25 The Maritime Fur Trade Period ..............................................................................................................................29 New Trading Centers and New Trading Fairs ........................................................................................................31