XAPHZ AITEAH0EN: BIOGRAPHY OF A FOURTH-CENTURY ATHENIAN STRATEGOS By RICHARD WAYNE PARKER B.A., The University of California, Santa Barbara, 1973 M.A., The University of California, Santa Barbara, 1978 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY . in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Classics, Faculty of Arts) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1986 <£> Richard Wayne Parker, 1986 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. CLASSICS Department of The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date -7Q ^ ii ABSTRACT Khares of Angele was an Athenian military magistrate and mercenary soldier for over forty years in the mid-fourth century B.C. For two decades between the outbreak of the Social War and the battle of Khaironeia he was Athens' pre-eminent military leader. The ancient sources dealing with this era of Greek history mention him with great frequency and his role in the events of his times provoked strong comments and vivid portraits from contemporary writers. In modern interpretations of fourth-century history Khares is cited as an example of the increasing trend in the city-state towards professionalism and specialization. He is commonly referred to as the quintessential example of the fourth-century mercenary adventurer, or condottiere, who increasingly oper• ated beyond the control of, and without regard for, his home government. These factors have often been considered important in contributing to the decline of Athens as a political power and to the breakdown in the ideal of the -i: Classical city-state. Despite his long presence at the hub of the political history of the later fourth century, there has been no systematic attempt to study his career in its entirety for almost 140 years. Scholars who encounter this important figure in Athenian history have relied on selected, isolated incidents or on vague r : reports in the orators and other sources to form opinions about Khares, and to make generalizations about him and other military and political leaders on that basis without regard to the rest of the available evidence. This study seeks to ppovide a full and detailed account of the entire career of Khares inuorder =to create a balanced and complete foundation on which his role in the history of Athens and Greece in the fourth century may be fairly and accurately assessed. It is believed that a detailed survey of his iii whole career in its historical, social and literary context will contribute to a better appreciation of the relationship between military magistrates and the Athenian democracy, an improved understanding of Athenian politics and a keener awareness of certain problems facing the city-states in this period as well as their representation in the sources. This study is divided into three parts. The first part, consisting of two chapters, surveys the magisterial and military career of Khares. The second part, also consisting of two chapters, examines Khares1 relationships with other politically active Athenians. The third part, comprising one chapter, investigates the contemporary literary sources that mention Khares in an at^.; tempt to determine what, if any, motivations or bias they may have had in their characterizations of him. In the first part the evidence shows clearly that Khares was a popular and durable elected magistrate, accountable and obedient to his government. The evidence does not support the notion that he was a mercenary adventurer at any time while engaged in his career as strategos. In fact, he accepted service as a mercenary only after his days as an elected magistrate at Athens were over, and then he consistently served against the Macedonians. This activity fits the pattern of similarly motivated Athenian military men, who resisted Macedonian domination as foreign mercenaries when their city no longer could. In the second part the evidence indicates that Khares was allied with other politically prominent Athenians only for short periods of time in order to achieve specific and limited political goals. He is consistently character• ized as one of, or in cofoperation with those characterized as, the demotikoi. His career was not dependent on any of the major political figures. In the third part the severely negative portraits of Khares are seen to have been motivated by personal animosity and political expediency. Contribut• ing to this tradition is the conventional nature of ancient oratory and the iv pervasive literary influence over that genre exercised by Isokrates, whose malevolence can be explained on personal grounds. V CONTENTS Abstract i i Table of Contents v Preface vi Part I: XAPHZ ZTPATHTOZ 1 Chapter 1: Khares' Early Military Career 3 Family and Social Status (3)...Junior Offices (7)...Khares in the Pelopo- nesos and Oropos: 366 (10)...Khares on Kerkyra (15)...Euboia and the , Khersonesos: 357 (21)...The Social War: 357 and 356 (22) Chapter 2: Khares and the Macedonians 35 Thrace and Thessaly: 353-2 (35)...Olynthos and Thrace: 349-346 (40)... The Peace of Philokrates (46)...Khaironeia and the Destruction of Thebes (53)...Khares and the anti-Macedonian Mercenaries (57)...Summary of Part I (60) Part II: XAPHZ AHMOTIKOZ 61 Chapter 3: Khares and Aristophon.. .• 63 Introduction (63)...Mi 1itary Magistrates and the Electorate (63)...Arist• ophon of Azenia (64)...Khares and the 'Kal1istratos-group' (67)...Khares and Aristophon (70)...The Trials of Timotheos and Iphikrates (73)... Khares and the Imperialists (78) Chapter 4: Khares and Demosthenes .82 Demosthenes (82)...Demosthenes, Khares and Olynthos (84)...Khares and Kephisophon Paianieus (92).Khares and the Trial of Aiskhines (94)... Hypereides and Phokion (100)...Liturgies (101)...Summary of Part II (102) Part III: DE CHARETIS MORIBUS. 104 Chapter 5: The Sources 106 Aineias and Xenophon (106)...Isokrates (111)...Demosthenes and Aiskhines (115)...Theopompos (119)...Summary (126) Conclusion and Brief Discussion of 'Proposers and Executors' of Decrees.128 Abbreviations 143 Notes 146 Bibliography 272 Appendix Testimoniorum . 291 Index Prosopographica 331 vi PREFACE This thesis is a study of the fourth-century Athenian strategos, Khares of Angele. Khares was strategos often over a long period, almost the entire middle third of the fourth century B.C. Along with Phokion he is the strategos most frequently mentioned in the sources on this period of Greek history. His was an era in which Athenian power and influence waned, and his role in the city's decline was, and is controversial. A modern treatment of Khares is lacking, H. Cassianus' 1849 dissertation, De Charetis Atheniensis rebus gestis ac moribus, although brief, was a useful collection of the sources, but it generally failed to have much impact. At any rate, none of the standard prosopographical works (for which see the Index Prosopographica) show any awareness of it. The most frequently cited source; of informationion.the man aside from these works is H.W. Parke's Greek Mercenary Soldiers, especially the chapter entitled "Greek Mercenary Adventurers." Parke's attitude is implicit in the chapter's title, but, despite the fact that his book is now over fifty years old, its influence is still pervasive. Particularly widespread is Parke's characterization of the Athenian strategos as a "roving condottiere over whose movements his city had little control" (p.144). More recently W.K. Pritchett has devoted a chapter of his book The Greek State at War, Part II to "The Condottieri of the Fourth Century B.C." His study focused on the activities abroad of eight fourth-century generals from several states, one of whom was Khares of Athens. Pritchett argued con• vincingly that for his entire sample the notion of the mercenary general out of control is erroneous. Despite Pritchett's efforts old attitudes prevail. An example of this is Jack Cargill's Second Athenian League, in which the author blames Khares almost solely for the decline of the fourth-century Athenian maritime alliance, vii and he does so, literally, from introduction to conclusion. Other works could be cited as well, such as Jennifer Roberts' Accountability in Athenian Government, in which isolated incidents from the life of Khares have been seized upon and extrapolated into patterns used to explain his entire career. A detailed study of Khares' whole career, then, is both long overdue and needed to provide a more even foundation on which to base assessments of its effect on the history of Athens in the later fourth century. In addition to offering a detailed account of this man's career in its broader political, social and literary context, it is hoped that such a study will test Pritchett's conclusions about military magistrates who commanded mercenary soldiers, that it will contribute to our understanding of Athenian politics and to the rela• tionship between the democracy of Athens and its magistrates, and that it will illuminate the process of the creation of a literary-historical tradition. The ancient sources for the life of Khares have been gathered into an Appendix Testimoniorum which follows the bibliography. Each independent piece of evidence has been assigned a number from 1 to 90 prefixed by the letter T (e.g., T1, T2...T90). This has been done to simplify references and to avoid repeatedly reproducing long passages in the original languages.