Copy No ………… STUDY REPORT ON Development and Testing of Effective Non-lethal Weapons/ Technologies and Tactics for Countering Public Agitation with Minimum Force Bureau of Police Research & Development 1 Disclaimer The Bureau of Police Research & Development has conducted a Research Project Study on Topic “Development and Testing of Effective Non-Lethal Technologies/Equipment and Tactics for Countering Public Agitation with minimum Force” through M/s Orkash Services Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. The aim of the study is to understand different technologies (Non/Less Lethal) available worldwide and their utilization under different law and order situations. The aim of the circulation of this study to all the stakeholders is for knowledge sharing regarding the availability of Non/Less Lethal technologies worldwide. All recommendations are general in nature and the products of some specifications mentioned in the report are also readily available with other vendors/manufacturers. This Bureau does not endorse any product of any company mentioned in the report. Mentioning the name of the firm/company in the study does not carry any bearing. The contents of this report are merely guideline for law enforcement agencies as a ready reference and not for usage for any other purpose or for any legal issues involved. Bureau of Police Research & Development 2 List of Abbreviations Used ADS – Active Denial System AEP - Attenuated Energy Projectile AFSPA – Armed Forces Special Powers Act ANLM - Airburst Non-Lethal Munition ASRAP - Advanced Segmented Ring Airfoil Projectile BA - Bromoacetone BTWC - Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention BWC - Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention CCW - United Nations Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons CED - Conducted Energy Devices CENWOSTO - Central Workshop and Stores CN – Chloroacetophenone CS - Ortho - Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile CR - dibenz(b,f)-1:4-oxazepine) CWC – Chemical Weapons Convention DM – Diphenylaminearsine EMD - Electro Muscular Disruption FIFO – First in First Out HIDA - High Intensity Directed Acoustic IDF - Israel Defense Forces INSAS – Indian Small Arms System IWC - Inhumane Weapons Convention JNLWD - Joint Less Lethal Weapons Directorate KMSS - Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti LLNL - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLWs – Less Lethal Weapons L&O – Law and Order Bureau of Police Research & Development 3 LRAD - Long Range Acoustic Devices LSD - D-lysergic Acid Diethylamide LV – Low Velocity MBL – Multi Barrel Launcher MSDD - Multi-Sensory Distraction Device MSGL – Multi Shell Grenade Launcher MUSHTI – Multi Baton Round MV – Medium Velocity NCNC - No Cost and No Commitment NDRC - National Defense Research Committee NIOSH - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health NITRA - Northern India Textile Research Association OC - Oleoresin Capsicum OLDS - Overhead Liquid Dispersion System OPCW - Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons PAG – Pump Action Gun PAGST - Personnel Armored Support Ground Troops PBR – Plastic Baton round PEL - Premier Explosive Limited PC – Polycarbonate PTC - Police Training School PVAB - Portable Vehicle Arresting Barrier QRTs - Quick Reaction Teams RAG - Ring Airfoil Grenade RCAs – Riot Control Agents RGES - Running Gear Entanglement System SLR – Self Loading Rifle SWAT – Special Weapons and Tactics Bureau of Police Research & Development 4 TSM – Tear Smoke Munition TSU - Tear Smoke Unit UAV – Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UBGL – Under Barrel Grenade Launcher UGEs – Under Ground Elements VLAD - Vehicle Lightweight Arresting Device Bureau of Police Research & Development 5 Preface The Project titled “Development and Testing of Effective Non-Lethal Technologies and Tactics to Counter Public Agitation with Minimum Force” is one of the projects accepted by the Standing Committee chaired by then Union Home Secretary on 29.02.2012 at MHA. The aim of this Project is to examine the following: - i) Non-lethal equipment/ammunition being used by the Police Forces ii) Shortfall of non-lethal weapons, the reasons and solutions iii) Efficacy of the various equipments in actual situation. iv) Need of other equipment to be inducted in the Forces. v) Evaluation of problems faced by State Police Forces in controlling agitation and solutions thereof. vi) Study of existing non-lethal weapons and their use in the actual field conditions. vii) Study of the new non-lethal equipment available in the market and their efficacy. viii) Simulation of various operational scenarios for implementation of non- lethal technologies. To ensure the wide range of field inputs/surveys about the crowd behavior, terrain geography and weather conditions in various States, Bureau had requested the research team to visit at least 10 States (J & K, Manipur, Assam, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab). Besides, team was also requested to interact with personnel of RAF at Hyderabad and CAPFs deployed in Srinagar, Kolkata, Imphal and Guwahati. In order to ensure the quality of the study, the Bureau had decided to organize a national level workshop and demonstration of some of the selected new less lethal weapons and equipment on interim findings of the report. These workshops and demonstrations were organized at BSF Bhondsi, Firing Range and CRPF Academy Khadarpur on 12.09.2012 & 19.11.2012 respectively. During these workshops, one to one interactions and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) were carried out with the personnel of State Police, CRPF, RAF and BSF at all the three levels – junior, middle and senior. The topic being a least studied area of research at least in the Indian context, larger emphasis had been placed on primary research and field data gathering. The contents of this report are merely guideline for law enforcement agencies as a ready reference. Bureau of Police Research & Development 6 Executive Summary and Recommendations ..................................................................................13 Part 1 – Summary of Findings ........................................................................................................... 13 Part 2 – Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 21 Tactical Concept of Operations Based Recommendations for Riot Control Equipment & Weapon Systems ............................................................................................................................................. 22 Part 1: Background of the Study Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................................... 29 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................................... 29 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Team Composition ............................................................................................................................ 33 Part 2: Concept of Less Lethal Weapons Less Lethal Weapons: Definition ....................................................................................................... 34 Conceptual Understanding ............................................................................................................... 34 Historical Evolution of Less lethal Weapons ..................................................................................... 35 Concerns & Controversies Associated with Less-Lethal Weapons ................................................... 42 International Law, Conventions and Treaties, and their applicability to India ................................. 47 Part 3: Technologies and Types of less Lethal Weapons Less Lethal technologies used across the globe ............................................................................... 51 Kinetic Energy ................................................................................................................................... 52 Chemical Technologies ..................................................................................................................... 54 Riot Control Agents ........................................................................................................................... 56 Incapacitating Agents ........................................................................................................................ 58 Calmatives ......................................................................................................................................... 59 Malodorants ...................................................................................................................................... 59 Electrical Technologies ...................................................................................................................... 61 Acoustic Technology ......................................................................................................................... 61 Bureau of Police Research & Development 7 Directed Energy ................................................................................................................................. 62 Entanglements & Spikes ................................................................................................................... 65 Comparative Analysis