Escola de Cultura de Pau 2012 Yearbook of Peace Processes VICENÇ FISAS Peace Processes 2012.indd 1 04/04/2012, 13:45 Publisher: Icaria editorial / Escola de Cultura de Pau, UAB Printing: Romanyà Valls, SA Design: Lucas J. Wainer ISBN: 978-84-9888-427-2 Legal Deposit: B-9288-2012 This yearbook was written by Vicenç Fisas, Director of the UAB’s Escola de Cultura de Pau, in conjunction with several members of the Escola’s research team, including Patricia García, Josep María Royo, Jordi Urgell, Pamela Urrutia, Ana Villellas and María Villellas. Peace Processes 2012.indd 2 04/04/2012, 13:45 CONTENTS Glossary . 5 Introduction . 11 Usual stages in negotiation processes . 14 Main conclusions of the year . 15 Peace processes in 2011 . 16 The peace temperature in 2011. 21 Conflicts and peace processes in recent years. 22 Witnesses in peace negotiations. 25 DDRs in 2011 . 27 Analyses by countries AFRICA. 35 Western Africa. 35 SENEGAL (Casamance) . 35 Horn of Africa. 40 ETHIOPIA (Ogaden) . 40 SOMALIA . 44 SUDAN (Darfur) . 49 Great Lakes and Central Africa . 56 CHAD . 56 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC . 61 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (East) . 65 Maghreb . 70 WESTERN SAHARA . 70 LATIN AMERICA . 81 COLOMBIA. 81 ASIA. 93 Southern Asia . 93 AFGHANISTAN . 93 INDIA . 99 INDIA – PAKISTAN (Kashmir) . 109 Eastern Asia . 114 CHINA (Tibet) . 114 Southeast Asia . 117 MYANMAR . 117 PHILIPPINES (MILF, NPA, MNLF). 123 EUROPE . 137 Western Europe . 137 SPAIN (Basque Country) . 137 Peace Processes 2012.indd 3 04/04/2012, 13:45 South Eastern Europe . 152 CYPRUS . 152 KOSOVO / KOSOVA . 156 MOLDOVA (Transnistria) . 160 TURKEY (PKK) . 165 Caucasus. 174 ARMENIA – AZERBAIJAN (Nagorno-Karabakh) . 174 GEORGIA (Abkhazia and South Ossetia) . 178 MIDDLE EAST . 183 ISRAEL – PALESTINE . 183 Appendix Appendix 1. The actors in the armed conflicts analysed . 193 Appendix 2. Conflicts without negotiations in 2011 . 194 Appendix 3. Age of the conflicts with no negotiations . 196 Appendix 4. The facilitators in the conflicts analysed . 197 Appendix 5. Negotiation times in certain conflicts (status at the end of 2011) . 198 Appendix 6. Demands for self-governance in peace processes . 199 Appendix 7. Rank occupied by the countries analysed based on their Global Peace Index . 200 Appendix 8. Tell me what it was like... The mirrors of peace . 201 Appendix 9. Conflicts, peace processes and Security Council Resolutions in 2011 . 202 Appendix 10. Managing the past in recent peace agreements . 203 Appendix 11. Peace processes compared . 204 Appendix 12. Websites of interest . 215 Peace Processes 2012.indd 4 04/04/2012, 13:45 Glossary ACP: Alliance for the Consolidation of Peace BONUCA: United Nations Peace-Building Office in the ADC: Alliance Démocratique du 23 mai pour le Central African Republic Changement (Mali) BRA: Balochistan Republican Army (Pakistan) ADF: Alliance of Democratic Forces (DR Congo) BRN: Barisan Revolusi Nasional/National Revolutionary ADLF: Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation Front (Thailand) of Congo CAIJP: Concise Agreement for an Immediate Just Peace AI: Amnesty International CAR: Central African Republic AIAI: Al-Itihaal Al.Islaami CARHRIHL: Comprehensive Agreement on Respect for AKIN: American Kurdish Information Network Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law ALBA: Bolivarian Alternative for Latin America and the CAVR: Commission for Reception, Truth and Caribbean Reconciliation ALS: Alliance for the Liberation of Somalia CCN: National Conciliation Commission AMIB: African Union Mission in Burundi CCP: Colombians for Peace AMM: Aceh Monitoring Mission CCR: Consultative Commission for Regionalisation AMIS: African (Union) Mission in the Sudan CEMAC: Economic and Monetary Community of Central AMISOM: African Union Mission in Somalia Africa ANBP: Afghanistan New Beginning Programme CEN-SAD: Community of Sahel-Saharan States ANC: African National Congress CERA: Coordination of the Former Armed Resistance ANCD: National Alliance for Democratic Change CFSP: Common Foreign and Security Policy ANDDH: Nigerian Association of Human Rights CHMT: Cessation of Hostilities Monitoring Team ANRAC: National Agency for the Revival of Economic (Uganda) and Social Activities in Casamance CIS: Community of Independent States APCLS: Alliance des Patriots pour un Congo Libre et CJMC: Ceasefire Joint Monitoring Committee Démocratique (DRC) CMI: Crisis Management Initiative APHC: All Parties Hurriyat Conference (Kashmir) CNDD: Conseil Nationale porur la Défense de la APRD: Popular Army for the Restoration of the Republic and Démocratie (National Council for the Defence of Democracy (Central African Republica) Democracy) AQIM: Al-Qaeda Organisation in the Islamic Maghreb CNDP: Congrès Nacional pour la Défense du Peuple AQMI: Al-Qaeda Organisation in the Islamic Maghreb (National Congress for People’s Defence) (DR ARLA: Revolutionary Liberation Army of Azawad Congo) ARLPI: Acholi Religious Leaders Peace Initiative (Uganda) CNF: Chin National Front (Myanmar) ARMM: Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao.