LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUS OCTOBER 2013 Prepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) Ethnic mixing in Newham Summary • Ethnic minority groups in Newham (other than White British), have grown and live in Figure 1. Change in ethnic group segregation more even mixed areas in 2011 than before. in East London, 1991-2011 • Every ethnic group measured in the census, except Separation in Separation in Separation in Chinese, is more evenly spread in 2011 than 1991 1991 2001 2011 across East London boroughs. 100 • The decreased separation of the White, 90 Caribbean, African, Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups is a result of dispersal away 80 from the areas where they have been traditionally 70 clustered. 60 • Eight out of 10 of the most diverse wards in East London boroughs are in Newham. 50 - Plaistow North is the most diverse ward in 40 Newham. 30 • The population in Newham and the rest of East 20 London is not only becoming more ethnically mixed residentially, but also within households. 10 - The proportion of people living in multiple 0 ethnic group households has increased in all boroughs in East London. Excluding Caribbean African one person households, 34% of households in Indian Pakistani Newham include people from more than one White Bangladeshi ethnic group as compared with 12% nationally. Chinese - The Mixed ethnic group has increased by 65% and accounts for 5% of the population Notes: Separation (Index of Dissimilarity) across 131 wards in Barking & Dagenham, Greenwich, Hackney, Newham, Redbridge, (or 13,900) in Newham. Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest. 100% indicates complete separation. 0% indicates completely even spread of a group. 1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Ethnic mixing in Newham Measuring segregation Figure 2. Change in ethnic group segregation in The most commonly used measure of segregation is East London, 2001-2011 the Index of Dissimilarity, which calculates a summary measure of the spread of a group across space compared with the spread of the rest of the population. Separation in Separation in It is often referred to as the Segregation Index. The 2001 2011 Segregation Index is calculated by comparing the percentage of a group’s total population in Barking & 100 Dagenham, Greenwich, Hackney, Newham, Redbridge, 90 Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest that lives in a ward with the percentage of the rest of the population 80 that lives in the same ward. The absolute difference 70 is added up across the 131 wards, and then halved so that the index is between 0 and 100, with 0% 60 indicating a completely even spread of the population 50 and 100% meaning complete separation. Values of the Segregation Index tend to be higher when they 40 are based on smaller areas because they magnify the 30 differences between places. 20 10 Residential mixing 0 Measuring residential ethnic segregation is a challenge because its meaning and measurement have become politically loaded. Figure 1 shows the Segregation Index White British (see box) for East London1 by ethnic groups that can be measured in each of the last three censuses. The White Irish Segregation Index shows that the Bangladeshi group (66%) was most separated and the Chinese group (23%) was the Mixed White-Caribbean least separated in 1991. Mixed White-African 1 consists of Barking & Dagenham, Greenwich, Hackney, Newham, Redbridge, Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest. Mixed White-Asian During the 1990s the separation of each ethnic group Other White decreased. There has been continued, or accelerated, spreading out during the 2000s, except for the Chinese group which became more separated. This is in accordance Notes: Separation (Index of Dissimilarity) across 131 wards in with the national trend of increased separation of the Barking & Dagenham, Greenwich, Hackney, Newham, Redbridge, Chinese group across England and Wales; it is likely to Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest. 100% indicates complete separation. 0% indicates completely even spread of a group. reflect the settlement of new migrants attending Higher Education institutions which grew rapidly during this period. The decreased separation of all other minority groups represents a residential dispersal across East London and beyond. The increased spreading out has been particularly rapid for the Bangladeshi group during the 2000s. The groups that have only been identified by the census since 2001 are shown in Figure 2. The White Irish, White Other and Mixed groups are more evenly spread through East London than other ethnic groups and have very low levels of segregation. There has been very little change in the separation of the Mixed ethnic groups during the 2000s. The White Irish population, which remains one of the most evenly spread in East London, increased its separation between 2001 and 2011. This group has reduced in size by a fifth during the decade. 2 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Ethnic mixing in Newham Ethnically diverse wards in Newham Figure 3. Super-diversity of selected wards in Diversity can be measured by calculating how close a ward Newham, 2011 is to having an equal number of residents in each ethnic Total population, 15,470 ) ) ) ) % ) % group (see box). The most diverse ward in Newham as % ) ) % ) 7 % % % % (6 (16 (10 (6 well as England and Wales as a whole is Plaistow North (7 i (1 n h e i n h s (10 (14 it a n s ia n s a h e with a standardised value (0 to 100) of 49. The average for Plaistow North e n t a b d s ia c rA Briti i a b rW l d e e England and Wales is 3.6, with the most diverse wards in ri f g e n h ak it I n h A P h Cari a Newham and other parts of inner London. Figure 3 shows Ot Ot B W that no one ethnic group accounts for more than a fifth of the population in Plaistow North, with the Bangladeshi group the largest (17%), followed by White British (16%), Total population, 13,866 ) ) ) African (14%), Other White (10%), Indian (10%), Pakistani ) % % % ) 5 3 % 8 ( ( 1 7 (7%), Other Asian (6%) and Caribbean (6%). Eight of the % 1 h i( n ( s h (5 a i s ti i i 10 most diverse wards in East London are in Newham: n n s East Ham North Indian (38%) e a a A d Br c t s r ri i Plaistow North, Forest Gate South, West Ham, Plaistow e f e gla k it h A n h South, Boleyn, Forest Gate North, East Ham South, Little Pa Ot Ba Ilford. Leyton and Cathall wards in Waltham Forest are the W ninth and tenth most diverse in East London. Notes: labels show ethnic groups which account more than 5% of the population. Figure 4. Growth in households with more than one ethnic group in East London boroughs, 2001-2011 ) 45% % ( p 40% u o r g 35% c i n h t 30% e 1 n 25% a h t e r 20% o m h 15% t i w s 10% d l o h 5% e s u o 0% H Hackney Newham Waltham Tower Greenwich Redbridge Barking and Forest Hamlets Dagenham 2001 2011 Notes: horizontal line indicates national average. Measured as a proportion of households with two or more people. 3 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Ethnic mixing in Newham Measuring diversity of households with two or more people that contain people from more than one ethnic group (i.e. multiple ethnic group Ecologists have a very useful notion of diversity which is households) grew during the 2000s in each East London applied to calculate how closely each ward in Barking & borough. Multiple ethnic group households account for a Dagenham, Greenwich, Hackney, Newham, Redbridge, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest is to having an equal third of households in Newham, considerably more than the number of each ethnic group measured in the census. national average of 12%. In each borough in East London, Called the ‘Reciprocal Diversity Index’ the ecologists the proportion of multiple ethnic group households is sum each of the eighteen ethnic group proportions, first above the national average, with the greatest proportion in squaring them, and divide into 1. The Index is greatest Hackney (40%) and the lowest proportion in Barking and when there are equal numbers in each group, when it is Dagenham (23%). equal to 18, and lowest when there is only one group in The number of people with a Mixed ethnic identity provides an area, when it is equal to 1. The index is standardised an indication of the most intimate form of integration of by stretching it to be always within the range 0 to 100. peoples. Nationally, the proportion of people with a Mixed The average across Newham is 55 and England & Wales ethnic identity is 1.2 million or 2.2% of the population. It is 3.6 has increased by more than three quarters from 672,000 in 2001. There has been a similar level of increase in Newham Mixing within households and families (see Figure 5). The Mixed population accounts for 5% of The population in Newham, East London and the rest the population in Newham. The largest and fastest growing of England and Wales is not only becoming more mixed Mixed ethnic group in the borough is Mixed Other. This is a residentially, but also in terms of the ethnic diversity within very diverse group reflecting the level of ethnic diversity in households and families. Figure 4 shows that the proportion Newham. Figure 5. Growth of Mixed ethnic group populations in Newham, 2001-2011 2011 3,957 3,319 2,677 3,992 2001 3,049 1,700 1,691 2,007 Mixed White-Caribbean Mixed White-African Mixed White-Asian Mixed Other This briefing is one in a series, Local dynamics of diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.