THE DEVELOPBENT OF A SEXUAL JEALC'JSY INVENTORY Edvard Alexander Clarke B. A,, HcGill University, 1977 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTTAL FOLFILLYENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THS DEGREE OF PIASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Psychology 0 Edward Alexander Clarke 1981 STPlCN FRASER UNIVERSITY October 1981 All. rights reserved. This thesis may no? be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author, APPROVAL Name: Edward Alexander Clarke Degree, Master of Arts Title of thesis: The development of a sexual jealousy inventory Examining Cornmitee : Chairperson: Dr. Dennis Krebs ~r.1~hillip G. wrief(t ' Senior Supervisor \ Dr. William Krane 'Dr. James E. Marcia Dr. Julie R. Brickman External Examiner Clinical and Consulting P sychdogist Date Approved! December 16. 1981 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis or dissertation (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Dissertation: The developwnt of a sexual jealousy inventory Author: Edward Alexander Clarke (~arne) ABSTRACT Sexual jealousy is a complex emotioc which is usually definfd in the context of a situation, beliefs and perce~tionj, an affective state, and behaviours, Psychoanalysts and psychiatrists have developed typologies and etiolcgical theories of sexual jealcusy based on their work with clinical po~ulations, Psychologists have focused mcre on the development of jealousy within a cultural context, Recent psychological research has been aimed at the development and use of measuriag scales to examine the correlates of jealcusy and to examine-- szx differences in sexual jealousy expression. Hone of the research, - ---. _--- - -- --- - however, has clearly demonstrated a valid and reliable measuring instrument- A new inv~ntorywaz constructed on the basis of literature-derived social and dispositioral characteristics of sexually jealous people, The purpose of the three studies described in this paper was to evaluate the inventcry in terms of internal reliability, and convergent, discriminant and corrcurrent validities as they relate to ccnstruct validity, The inventory was shown to have internal reliability, and convergant and discriminart valid it^. Concurrent validity was not de~cnstrated, The latter result was related to weaknesses in the develosment of the inventory and in the criteria questions usad to evaluate concurrent validity. The overall trend cf positive results from the three studies was seen as a justification for the continuation of tce develcpment and evaluation of a sexual jealousy inventory on the basis of literature-derived social and dispositional charac teristics, ACKIOWLEDGBHEITS I would like to express my deep appreciation to my senior supervisor, Cr, Philip G, Wright, who was a constant source of su~~ortand guidance. 1 would also like to thank the other tnembers of my committee--Dr. E, Krane, Dr- J, Marcia and Dr- J. Brickman-f or their challenging and helpful suggestions, and occasional barks. Two ~soplewho were particular1y necessary for my thesis were 8s- J. Poster, %A- and H- Veiel--without them I would not have keen able to put any of nay own or ~sycommittee's ideas into action. I'd also like to thank a lovely young couple who provided me with much food for thought during the cocrse of my thesis--Ccnncr and Blue, Lastly, I would like to thank jealousy for giving ae something other than heartache, Definitions and examples of jealcusy ,,,.,,,,--- -,--2/ Typologies and etiological theories of sexual jealousy ............................................. Psychological research on jealousy ,,,,.,,.,,-.,,,, ,-. 20' Construction of the Zander Jealousy Inventory .,,-,,,,33 Evaluation of the Zander Jealousp Inventozy ,,,, ,,,,,. 35 Reference notes--unpublished sources ,, ,,, ,,,,,, ,,,, ,, ,, ,, ,,, 1 19 References--published sources ,.. ,- --,-.,.,,. -,il,.w, 120 LIST Of TABLES Table 10-Means, standard deviations and reliability coefficients cf the ZJI and SRJS,,,,, -,,,,,,,,,,,.43 Table 2--Differectial reliability index of ZJI items,,,,,,, 44 Table 3-2\11 items and factor loadings of the two factor ~~1~ti~n~~-~~~~~~.~~,~.,.~,~~~~.~.~.w,*,.,--.oo-,047 TaCle 4--Pearson correlation coefficients between the ZJI, SCS, SRJS, SRJS subscales and age-m,,--,-.-,- 51 Takle 5--Weans, standard deviations and reliability coefficients of the ZJI and SRJf-o--------,-ww ,..w- 5E Table 6--1te~s and factor loadings of the two factor ~o1~ti~n~~~*~~.~~~~~...*.~~~~~~~~~~~~~*~~.~,~,~~~,~5~ Table 7-0 Eearson correlation coefficients between the ZJI, SRJS,Endnrance and Play scales, SRJS subscales, SDS and agew.~~~~,,,,,,~~.,.,~~o,i.o,~oo63 Table 8--Means, standard deviations and reliability ccefficients of the ZJI and SRJS ,,,,, .,,,,,,,,,,,,69 Table 9--ZJI items and factor loadings of the two factor solution,,,~w~~.~.~~~o~.~..~~~~~~~to70 Table 10--Pearson ccrrelatiosa between jealousy scores and partner perception questions--between sex, ,,, 73 Table 1 1--Pearson correlations between jeaf ousy scores and ~artner~erception questions--within sex,. ,, -75 Table 12--Pearson correlation coefficients between the ZJI, vii SRJS, SRJS subscales, SCS, years together, Eadnracce and Play scales and age,,,.,,.,,,...,,-76 Takle 13--Summary of Pearson correlation coefficients from Experiments I, 11, and 111. ,,-.-,.~,--.----.--=--79 I. Introduction Sexual jealousy is, and probably always has been, a controversial tcgic. The romantic notiorr that sexual jealousy is an expression of true love has recently keen supplanted by the helief that sexual jealcusy is a clear sign of immaturity, Of i course, one's particular perspective degends upon the circles in which one moves, Some cultures clearly regard sexual je,ilcusy as an integral aspect of interpersona 1 relations. In our society the responses vary considerably--solee pecple are proud of therr jealous feelings, some hate themselves fcr thein and others cldim to not really kcow what feeling sexually jealous is all about, This Faper describes an attempt to develo~a ~exual jealousy measuring instrument, The initial section of the introducticn prcvides a definition and gives exam~lesof sexual jealousy. Following this I review the theoretical and observational wcrk of gsychoanalysts, psychiatrists and psychologists and their respective typolcgical and etiolcgicai thecries of sexual jealcusy, Each of these professional groups has provided valuable perspectives on jealcusy but as yet no integrated theory has emerged, The purpose of the review is not to Eropose such an integration but rather to provide the readzr with background information on the ways in which sexual jealousy has been conce~tuallyand empirically analyzed. It is within the section which reviews the recent empirical studies of sexual jealousy that the rationale for the developent of a new sexual jealousy inv~ntcry is ~resented, Definitions and examples gg jealousp ----- --- U The definition cf sexual jealcusy usually entails the identification of four components: 1) a situation; 2) beliefs and perceptions; 3) an affective state; and 4) behaviours. The ----situations vary but they typically involve an estatlished relationship between Person A (the jealous in'dividual) and Person E [the partner), and the presence of Person C (the other), In some cases Person C may not be present at all but Person A will be convinced of their actual or potential existence, In other cases, the relationship between Person A and Person 0 will be seen aE established only by Person A, The beliefs gig prceptions of the jealous individual are that he or she is actually losing or may ~otentiallylose the physical aud emotional affection of the partner to the other, Person A usually perceives Person C as soaeone with physical, emotional or behavioural attributes more desirable to Person B than his/her own, The perception of the other as a threat to the established rf latioashi~can range from a su~picior~that the partner prefers to talk with them to an absolute delusional con viction that the partner is secretly and spitefully being i se x ually active with them, In some cases the belief in 1 infidelity is reflected in uninvited ard repetitively intrusive thoughts about the nature of activities between the partner aad the other, The affectiv~component may involve a range of. emotional reactions including fear, anxiety, anger, helplessness r and guilt. Jealousyss affective part can be said to be made up ) of many single emotions which are stimulated in varying degreas by the nature of the situation and the p~rceptionsof the individual, The behavioural component of jealousy includes a 1 wide range of possible reactions. Person A may vigilantly or 1 zealously watch over the actions of Person B while the latter is with Person C; A may interrogate B about the nature of his/hex activities while apart; A aay inspect B's personal belongings and clothing for evidence of intimate contact; A may withdraw from interacting with B; A may make angry accusations accompanied by physical violence or make excessive