SMART GRID INTEROPERABILITY PANEL Electromagnetic Compatibility and Smart Grid Interoperability Issues SGIP Electromagnetic Interoperability Issues Working Group SGIP Document Number: 2012-005 , Version 1.0 Document Source: December 5, 2012 Author/Editor: EMII WG/Galen Koepke (chair) Production Date: December 5, 2012 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Smart Grid Interoperability Issues THE SGIP The Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) is a membership-based organization established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and administered by its members, as facilitated by a NIST contractor. It provides an open process for stakeholders to participate in providing input and cooperating with NIST in the ongoing coordination, acceleration and harmonization of standards development for the Smart Grid. The SGIP reviews use cases, identifies requirements and architectural reference models, coordinates and accelerates Smart Grid testing and certification, and proposes action plans for achieving these goals. The SGIP does not write standards, but serves as a forum to coordinate the development of standards and specifications by many Standards Setting Organizations (SSOs). RIGHT TO DISTRIBUTE AND CREDIT NOTICE This material was created by the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) and is available for public use and distribution. Please include credit in the following manner: Electromagnetic Compatibility and Smart Grid Interoperability Issues, 2012- 005, December 5, 2012. DISCLAIMER This document is a work product of the SGIP. It was prepared by the participants of the SGIP and for publication in accordance with the appropriate procedures of the SGIP. Neither NIST, the SGIP leadership, its members nor any person acting on behalf of any of the above: MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus, process, or composition disclosed in this report may not infringe privately owned rights; or ASSUMES any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, process, or composition disclosed in this document; and Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel. 2012-005 , Version 1.0 Page ii December 5, 2012 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Smart Grid Interoperability Issues THIS IS NOT A NIST DOCUMENT 2012-005 , Version 1.0 Page iii December 5, 2012 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Smart Grid Interoperability Issues Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Electromagnetic Compatibility and the Smart Grid ......................................................... 3 3 Recommendations for EMC Standards and Testing......................................................... 4 4 Recommended follow-on action by SGIP, SDOs and EMII WG ..................................... 7 5 Strategy to maintain EMC as the Smart Grid evolves ...................................................... 8 6 Interaction with other SGIP Committees and Working Groups .................................. 9 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 10 8 References ..................................................................................................................................... 10 9 Revision History.......................................................................................................................... 13 9.1 Contributors ......................................................................................................................... 14 10 APPENDIX A – Review of Smart Grid EMC Issues and Standards ........................... 15 10.1 Introduction to Appendix A ....................................................................................... 15 10.2 Electric Power Delivery System Electromagnetic Environments ............... 17 10.2.1 Bulk Generation ..................................................................................................... 17 10.2.2 Transmission System ........................................................................................... 18 10.2.3 Distribution System .............................................................................................. 18 10.2.4 Substations .............................................................................................................. 19 10.2.5 Control Centers ...................................................................................................... 20 10.2.6 Distributed Energy Resources (or Distributed Generation) ................ 21 10.2.7 Communications Systems .................................................................................. 21 10.2.8 Smart Meters and Advanced Metering Infrastructure ............................ 25 10.3 Customer Electromagnetic Environments ........................................................... 26 10.3.1 Residential Environment.................................................................................... 26 10.3.2 Commercial/Public Environment ................................................................... 28 10.3.3 Industrial Environment ...................................................................................... 29 10.4 Setting EMC Requirements ......................................................................................... 32 10.4.1 Approach for Power Customer Environments .......................................... 32 10.4.2 Electromagnetic Phenomena in Power Customer Environments and the Application of IEC 61000-2-5......................................................................................... 34 10.4.3 Recommended EMC test approach and performance criteria for both Power Delivery and Power Customers .............................................................................. 41 10.4.4 Performance criteria - evaluation of test results ...................................... 41 10.4.5 Power Delivery EMC Aspects ............................................................................ 42 10.4.6 Power Delivery EMC Recommendations ..................................................... 45 10.4.7 Standards Gaps for Power Delivery (utility) Equipment ....................... 60 10.4.8 Power Customer EMC Aspects ......................................................................... 61 10.4.9 Power Customer EMC Recommendations ................................................... 65 2012-005 , Version 1.0 Page iv December 5, 2012 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Smart Grid Interoperability Issues 10.4.10 Standards Gaps for Power Customer Equipment ..................................... 72 10.5 Definitions and Acronyms .......................................................................................... 73 10.5.1 Definitions ................................................................................................................ 73 10.5.2 Acronyms .................................................................................................................. 75 10.6 Appendix A References ................................................................................................ 75 11 APPENDIX B – HEMP, IEMI and Extreme Geomagnetic Storm Events .................. 81 11.1 Introduction to Appendix B........................................................................................ 81 11.2 What is the Smart Grid? ............................................................................................... 81 11.3 HPEM Threats .................................................................................................................. 83 11.3.1 IEMI Background ................................................................................................... 83 11.3.2 HEMP Background ................................................................................................ 84 11.3.3 Extreme Geomagnetic Storm Background .................................................. 85 11.4 Potential Impacts of HPEM with the Power Grid ............................................... 86 11.4.1 Early-time (E1) HEMP Impacts ........................................................................ 86 11.4.2 Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) Impacts ................... 89 11.4.3 Late-time (E3) HEMP Impacts .......................................................................... 90 11.4.4 Extreme Geomagnetic Storms .......................................................................... 91 11.5 HPEM Protection Approach ....................................................................................... 91 11.5.1 High-frequency HPEM Protection Approach .............................................. 92 11.5.2 Low-frequency HPEM Protection Approach............................................... 92 11.6 Organizations Dealing with the Threats of HEMP and IEMI ......................... 93 11.6.1 IEC SC 77C (EMC: High Power Transient Phenomena) .......................... 93 11.6.2 ITU-T Study Group 5 ...........................................................................................