The SIBERIAN LETTERS of GEORGE KENNAN the Elder, 1866-1867 Susan Smith-Peter O CCASIONAL PAPER # 310 The Kennan Institute is a division of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Through its programs of residential scholarships, meetings, and publications, the Institute encourages scholarship on the successor states to the Soviet Union, embracing a broad range of fields in the social sciences and humanities. The Kennan Institute is supported by contributions from foundations, corporations, individuals, and the United States Government. Kennan Institute Occasional Papers Occasional Papers are submitted by Kennan Institute scholars and visiting speakers. The Kennan Institute makes Occasional Papers available to all those interested. Occasional Papers published since 1999 are available on the Institute’s website, www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan. This Occasional Paper has been produced with the support of the George F. Kennan Fund. The Kennan Institute is most grateful for this support. The views expressed in Kennan Institute Occasional Papers are those of the author. The author would like to thank her students in History 401, Seminar in Advanced Historical Study, at the College of Staten Island/ City University of New York, for their work on George Kennan and his letters. Cover Image: George Kennan the Elder, 1868 © 2016 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. www.wilsoncenter.org ISBN: 978-1-938027-53-6 THE WILSON CENTER, established by Congress in 1968 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a living national memorial to President Wilson. The Center’s mission is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by providing a link between the worlds of ideas and policy, while fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a broad spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and international affairs. Supported by public and private funds, the Center is a nonpartisan institution engaged in the study of national and world affairs. It establishes and maintains a neutral forum for free, open, and informed dialogue. Conclusions or opinions expressed in Center publications and programs are those of the authors and speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center staff, fellows, trustees, advisory groups, or any individuals or organizations that provide financial support to the Center. The Center is the publisher of The Wilson Quarterly and home of Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Dialogue radio and television. For more information about the Center’s activities and publications, please visit us on the web at www.wilsoncenter.org. BOARD OF TRUSTEES Jane Harman, Director, President and CEO Thomas R. Nides, Vice Chairman, Morgan Stanley PUBLIC MEMBERS: The Honorable William D. Adams, Chairman, National Endowment for the Humanities; David S. Mao, Acting Librarian of Congress; The Honorable Sylvia Mathews Burwell, Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; John B. King, Jr., Acting Secretary, U.S. Department of Education; The Honorable David Ferriero, Archivist of the United States; The Honorable David J. Skorton, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; The Honorable John F. Kerry, Secretary, U.S. Department of State Designated Appointee of the President from within the Federal Government: The Honoroble Fred P. Hochberg, Chairman and President, Export-Import Bank of the United States PRIVATE CITIZEN MEMBERS: Peter J. Beshar, Executive Vice President & General Counsel, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.; John T. Casteen, III, University Professor and President Emeritus, University of Virginia; Thelma Duggin, President, AnBryce Foundation; Lt. Gen. Susan Helms, USAF (Ret.); The Honorable Barry S. Jackson, Managing Director, The Lindsey Group and Strategic Advisor, Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck; Nathalie Rayes, U.S. National Public Relations Director, Grupo Salinas and Executive Director, Fundacion Azteca América; Earl W. Stafford, Chief Executive Officer, The Wentworth Group, LLC; Jane Watson Stetson, Chair of the Partners for Community Wellness at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center George Kennan the elder (1845-1924) was tropical zone behind the stove, or to the arc- America’s first Russia expert and the name- tic regions in the spare bedroom, where there sake of the Kennan Institute, which was was no fire.”5 At 12 years of age, he had to founded in part by his nephew George Frost quit school to support his family as a teleg- Kennan (1904-2005), the architect of con- rapher because his father had lost his money. tainment. Kennan the elder played an ex- The telegraph, which transmitted information ceptionally important role in the history through Morse Code, tied together the world of Russian-American relations. From 1776 by allowing the quick spread of news in those to the mid-1880s, Russia and America had places connected by telegraph wire. been what one scholar aptly called “distant Kennan’s own life was tied together by the friends.”1 Russia and America were cautiously telegraph, as he reflected later: “The web of friendly toward each other. Specific episodes environment … in which I was caught, in my of this good feeling included the correspon- earliest childhood, was spun out of telegraph dence between Thomas Jefferson and Emperor wire … It was the telegraph that made me an Alexander I and the visit of the Russian Navy assistant breadwinner for my father’s family, to the port of New York in 1863, which was before I was twelve years of age; it was mainly seen as support for the Union during the the telegraph that prevented me from getting U.S. Civil War. Alexander II, who had abol- a university training; it was the telegraph that ished serfdom in 1861, was often compared first sent me to Siberia, made me a traveler to Abraham Lincoln.2 Both Russians and and an explorer, and gave me an interest in Americans often compared Siberia with the Russia; and to the telegraph I am indebted for American West as a land of the future.3 In the my introduction to journalism, literature and 1880s, Kennan led a major shift in American the lecture field. I have sometimes wandered public opinion, turning it against the Russian far, but by a telegraph line, or the influence of government due to its treatment of political a telegraph line, I have always and everywhere prisoners in Siberia. This shift in public opin- been bound.”6 ion from a generally positive, if not particu- Kennan was forced to give up his boyhood larly well-informed, view of the Russian gov- early and become the provider for his family, ernment to a more critical and skeptical one which was difficult both in terms of his bro- proved to be long lasting.4 ken education, which he supplemented with Kennan the elder was once young, though, voracious reading, and his sense that he had and this work seeks to make him come alive to be a man at a time when he was still really through his own letters from his first trip to a boy. This sense of tension was crystallized Siberia. Kennan went to work on the Russian- when, at 13 or 14, he witnessed a gruesome American Telegraph Expedition from 1865 to amputation and felt nauseated and weak.7 This 1867, enduring some of the most inhospitable made him doubt his manhood, as did his re- areas of the globe when he was just 20 years jection from the Union forces on grounds of old. Kennan was born in 1845, and according his young age and doubtful health. Instead, to his unpublished autobiography, his interest he served in the Military Telegraph Corps, in travel began early. “Before I was five years working for the Union but unable to see ac- of age,” Kennan wrote, “I had a whole fleet tion and prove his mettle.8 of small wooden boats – cargo ships, war- Stationed at various places, it was in ships, and pirates, which had been made for Cincinnati in 1863-4 that the long hours at me by my father, or carved out of blocks by the telegraph key began to lower his spirits. myself, and which I used to sail over the car- In response, he deliberately tested himself, pet in the dining room to remote ports in the walking the rough streets of what was still 2 / THE SIBERIAN LETTERS OF GEORGE KENNAN THE ELDER, 1866-1867 a frontier town after he finished work at 2 ous (and pointless, as the telegraph line did a.m. and watching dangerous events, such as not go through the area), the work in subzero a criminal cutting someone’s throat, without weather was exhausting but necessary, as in feeling faint. It was not enough. He began to the warmer months, the tundra was too soggy feel that he would have a nervous breakdown to put up poles, and mismanagement within if he were unable to leave Cincinnati.9 When Western Union meant that one party faced he learned of the opportunity to go to Siberia starvation until Kennan rescued them at some as part of a massive project to connect the tele- risk to himself. To top it off, the necessary graph networks of Europe and America, he supply ships, for which they had been wait- jumped at the chance. ing for months, came too late in the year and The telegraph networks in America and were stuck in the ice, forcing Kennan, who Europe had quickly developed from the was in charge of the division headquartered at 1830s, but a big gap remained. There was no Gizhiga, on the Sea of Okhotsk, to share his way to directly telegraph between the two party’s dwindling supplies with the crew. continents, which meant that news was often In 1866, after the successful laying of the weeks or months old by the time the ships that transatlantic cable, Western Union decided brought it arrived.