CK-12 Chemistry - Intermediate Quizzes and Tests Donald Calbreath, Ph.D. Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) www.ck12.org AUTHOR Donald Calbreath, Ph.D. To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, and web-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes the creation and distribution of high-quality, adaptive online textbooks that can be mixed, modified and printed (i.e., the FlexBook® textbooks). Copyright © 2015 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. 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Printed: May 27, 2015 iii Contents www.ck12.org Contents 1 Introduction to Chemistry Assessments1 1.1 What is Chemistry?......................................... 2 1.2 The Scientific Method........................................ 5 1.3 Introduction to Chemistry...................................... 9 2 Matter and Change Assessments 12 2.1 Properties of Matter......................................... 13 2.2 Classification Of Matter....................................... 16 2.3 Changes in Matter.......................................... 19 2.4 Matter and Change ......................................... 22 3 Measurements Assessments 25 3.1 The International System of Units ................................. 26 3.2 Unit Conversions .......................................... 29 3.3 Uncertainty in Measurements.................................... 32 3.4 Measurements............................................ 36 4 Atomic Structure Assessments 40 4.1 Atoms................................................ 41 4.2 The Nuclear Model of the Atom .................................. 44 4.3 Isotopes and Atomic Mass ..................................... 47 4.4 Atomic Structure .......................................... 50 5 Electrons in Atoms Assessments 53 5.1 Light................................................. 54 5.2 The Quantum Mechanical Model.................................. 58 5.3 Electron Arrangement in Atoms .................................. 61 5.4 Electrons in Atoms ......................................... 65 6 The Periodic Table Assessments 68 6.1 History of the Periodic Table .................................... 69 6.2 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table........................... 72 6.3 Periodic Trends ........................................... 75 6.4 The Periodic Table.......................................... 78 7 Chemical Nomenclature Assessments 81 7.1 Ionic Compounds.......................................... 82 7.2 Molecular Compounds ....................................... 85 7.3 Acids and Bases........................................... 88 7.4 Chemical Nomenclature....................................... 91 8 Ionic and Metallic Bonding Assessments 94 8.1 Ions ................................................. 95 iv www.ck12.org Contents 8.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds................................. 98 8.3 Metallic Bonds ...........................................101 8.4 Ionic and Metallic Bonding.....................................105 9 Covalent Bonding Assessments 108 9.1 Lewis Electron Dot Structures ...................................109 9.2 Molecular Geometry ........................................113 9.3 Polarity and Intermolecular Forces.................................117 9.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals..................................120 9.5 Covalent Bonding..........................................124 10 The Mole Assessments 128 10.1 The Mole Concept..........................................129 10.2 Mass, Volume, and the Mole ....................................132 10.3 Chemical Formulas .........................................137 10.4 The Mole ..............................................141 11 Chemical Reactions Assessments 145 11.1 Chemical Equations.........................................146 11.2 Types of Chemical Reactions....................................149 11.3 Chemical Reactions.........................................152 12 Stoichiometry Assessments 155 12.1 Mole Ratios.............................................156 12.2 Stoichiometric Calculations.....................................159 12.3 Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield ................................161 12.4 Chapter Twelve Exam........................................166 13 States of Matter Assessments 169 13.1 Kinetic - Molecular Theory and Gases ...............................170 13.2 Liquids................................................173 13.3 Solids ................................................176 13.4 Changes of State...........................................180 13.5 States of Matter...........................................184 14 The Behavior of Gases Assessments 188 14.1 Gas Properties............................................189 14.2 Gas Laws ..............................................192 14.3 Ideal Gases .............................................196 14.4 Gas Mixtures and Molecular Speeds ................................200 14.5 The Behavior of Gases .......................................203 15 Water Assessments 207 15.1 Properties of Water .........................................208 15.2 Aqueous Solutions..........................................211 15.3 Colloids and Suspensions......................................214 15.4 Water ................................................218 16 Solutions Assessments 221 16.1 Solubility ..............................................222 16.2 Solution Concentration .......................................225 16.3 Colligative Properties........................................228 16.4 Net Ionic Equations.........................................231 v Contents www.ck12.org 16.5 Solutions...............................................234 17 Thermochemistry Assessments 238 17.1 Heat Flow..............................................239 17.2 Thermochemical Equations.....................................242 17.3 Heat and Changes of State .....................................245 17.4 Hess’s Law .............................................248 17.5 Thermochemistry ..........................................254 18 Kinetics Assessments 258 18.1 Rates of Reactions..........................................259 18.2 Rate Laws..............................................263 18.3 Reaction Mechanisms........................................267 18.4 Kinetics ...............................................270 19 Equilibrium Assessments 274 19.1 The Nature of Equilibrium .....................................275 19.2 Le Châtelier’s Principle.......................................279 19.3 Solubility Equilibrium........................................283 19.4 Equilibrium .............................................287 20 Entropy and Free Energy Assessments 292 20.1 Entropy ...............................................293 20.2 Spontaneous Reactions and Free Energy..............................297 20.3 Free Energy and Equilibrium....................................300 20.4 Entropy and Free Energy ......................................303 21 Acids and Bases Assessments 307 21.1 Acid-Base Definitions........................................308 21.2 The pH Concept...........................................312 21.3 Acid and Base Strength.......................................315 21.4 Acid-Base Neutralization......................................320 21.5 Salt Solutions ............................................323 21.6 Acids and Bases...........................................327 22 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Assessments 331 22.1 The Nature of Oxidation and Reduction ..............................332 22.2 Oxidation Numbers.........................................336 22.3 Balancing Redox Reactions.....................................340 22.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions...................................343 23 Electrochemistry Assessments 347 23.1 Electrochemical Cells........................................348 23.2 Cell Potentials............................................351 23.3 Electrolysis .............................................355 24 Nuclear Chemistry Assessments 359 24.1 Nuclear Radiation..........................................360 24.2 Half Life...............................................363 24.3 Fission and Fusion..........................................366 24.4 Nuclear Chemistry..........................................369 25 Organic Chemistry Assessments 372 vi www.ck12.org Contents 25.1 Hydrocarbons............................................373