De Soldado a Herói Lendário Pedro Henrique Aragão Hasselmann III ENBOGRET Do que não vou falar: » Mago Merlin » Espada na Pedra » Távola Redonda » Lancelot » Avalon » Fada Morgana » Ingleses Contexto Histórico » Século V Grã-Bretanha sob o jugo Romano. Invasões bárbaras: Picts, Scots (Norte) e Saxons (Mar Leste). » 401: Tropas removidas para assistir à guerra contra Alarico I. » Zosimus: 410: Historia Nova, Book VI.→ “The barbarians above the Rhine [...] reduced the inhabitants of Britain and some of the Celtic peoples to defecting from the Roman rule and living their own lives, independent from the Roman laws. The Britons therefore took up arms and [...] freed their cities from the barbarian threat. And all Armorica [Brittany] and the other Gallic provinces followed their example, freed themselves in the same way, expelling the Roman officials and setting up a constitution such as they pleased.” Contexto Histórico » 425: Gildas: “Choro dos Britões” Again, therefore, the wretched remnant, sending to Aetius, a powerful Roman citizen, address him as follow:—"To Aetius, now consul for the third time: the groans of the Britons." And again a little further, thus:—"The barbarians drive us to the sea; the sea throws us back on the barbarians: thus two modes of death await us, we are either slain or drowned." » Procopius: Invasões Anglo-Saxônicas, Scots, Picts Onda de migração em massa para Armorica e Gália de Romanos e Britões Perda de fontes escritas. Bretanha Sub-Romana. “O ínicio do fim” » Historia Brittonum 31: Presença Romana: Vortigern then reigned in Britain. In his time, the natives had cause of dread, not only from the inroads of the Scots and Picts, but also from the Romans, and their apprehensions of Ambrosius. » 447: Gildas: Vortigern convida os Saxões Then all the councillors, together with that proud tyrant Gurthrigern [Vortigern], the British king, were so blinded, that, as a protection to their country, they sealed its doom by inviting in among them [...] Saxons, [...], to repel the invasions of the northern nations. » HB 36: After the Saxons had continued some time in the island of Thanet, Vortigern promised to supply them with clothing and provision, on condition they would engage to fight against the enemies of his country. But the barbarians having greatly increased in number, the Britons became incapable of fulfilling their engagement; and when the Saxons, according to the promise they had received, claimed a supply of provisions and clothing, the Britons replied, "Your number is increased; your assistance is now unnecessary; you may, therefore, return home, for we can no longer support you;" and hereupon they began to devise means of breaking the peace between them. Documentos Pré-Galfridianos » Período Galfridico: Geoffrey of Monmouth: Historia Regum Britanniae - History of the Kings of Britain (c. 1130) » “Históricos”: » Gildas: De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae – Sobre as Ruínas e Conquista da Bretanha (c. 540) » Annales cambriae – Anais de Gales (c. 977) » “Nennius”: Historia Brittonum – História da Bretanha (c. 830) » Bede: Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum – História Eclesiástica do Povo Inglês (731) » The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles – As crônicas Anglo-saxônicas (primeira parte 891) » Poemas: » Aneirin: Y Goddodin (c. 7th ou 9th) » Book of Taliesin (c. 10th, achado em meados 14th) » Black Book of Carmarthen (c. 1250) » Mabinogion (c. 1350) » Welsh Triads (c. meados 13th) Definindo Arthur » Wiseman 2007: Por “Arthur histórico” queremos dizer um homem chamado Arthur que liderou os Britões contra os Saxões na Batalha de Badon (no fim do século V, início do século IV), e que foi celebrado quase contemporâneo a Gildas. Obviamente não presumimos que figuras históricas não estabelecidas não tenham contribuído para a figura de Arthur na pseudo-história ou lenda. Entretanto para que possamos concluir que não houve nenhum Arthur histórico, parece necessário definir tal pessoa em termos de um papel único: (i) Aquele atribuídos a um homem chamado Arthur nos textos mais antigos que inegavelmente inspiraram a figura de Arthur nas pseudo-histórias e lendas, e (ii) que foi um papel que sem dúvida existiu historicamente. Y Goddodin » Poema contando conquistas de heróis. » Estrofe 99: » CII He thrust beyond three hundred, most bold, He cut down the centre and far wing. He proved worthy, leading noble men; He gave from his herd steeds for winter. He brought black crows to a fort's Wall, though he was not Arthur. He made his strength a refuge, The front line's bulwark, Gwawrddur. » Koch 1997: Transcrição para o antigo Galês indica que esta estrofe possa ser do c. 570. Todo poema parece uma compilação de diversas épocas. » Corroborações: Descrição da luta em Catraeth (Catterick), cuja localização necessita o cruzamento por terras Bernícias, que foram apenas tomadas por saxões no fim do século VI. » Duas versões: uma mais recente (A, Galês Médio) e outra mais antiga (B, Modernização e Galês antigo). Arthur citado apenas em B. Historia Brittonum » At that time, the Saxons grew strong by virtue of their large number and increased in power in Britain. Hengist having died, however, his son Octha crossed from the northern part of Britain to the kingdom of Kent and from him are descended the kings of Kent. Then Arthur along with the kings of Britain fought against them in those days, but Arthur himself was the dux bellorum. His first battle was at the mouth of the river which is called Glein. His second, third, fourth, and fifth battles were above another river which is called Dubglas and is in the region of Linnuis. The sixth battle was above the river which is called Bassas. The seventh battle was in the forest of Celidon, that is Cat Coit Celidon. The eighth battle was at the fortress of Guinnion, in which Arthur carried the image of holy Mary ever virgin on his shoulders; and the pagans were put to flight on that day. And through the power of our Lord Jesus Christ and through the power of the blessed Virgin Mary his mother there was great slaughter among them. The ninth battle was waged in the City of the Legion. The tenth battle was waged on the banks of a river which is called Tribruit. The eleventh battle was fought on the mountain which is called Agnet. The twelfth battle was on Mount Badon in which there fell in one day 960 men from one charge by Arthur; and no one struck them down except Arthur himself, and in all the wars he emerged as victor. And while they were being defeated in all the battles, they were seeking assistance from Germany and their numbers were being augmented many times over without interruption. And they brought over kings from Germany that they might reign over them in Britain, right down to the time in which Ida reigned, who was son of Eobba. He was the first king in Bernicia. Historia Brittonum » Cobre desde a lendária fundação da Bretanha após Guerra de Tróia até o século VII; » O mais antigo: Manuscrito Harleiano (Coleção de Edward Harley, sec. XVIII) 3859 Autor anônimo; » Dumville 1990: O Autor da Historia, do sec. IX, reeditou suas fontes para acomodar-se a sua visão Abaixo do sec. VI natureza fortemente lendária; » Processamento Four times did Vortimer valorously encounter the enemy; the first has been mentioned, the second was upon the river Darent, the third at the Ford, in their language called Epsford, though in ours Set thirgabail, there Horsa fell, and Catigern, the son of Vortigern; the fourth battle he fought, was near the stone on the shore of the Gallic sea, where the Saxons being defeated, fled to their ships. Mesmo estilo. Nada de especial para Arthur. » Rei? Nenhuma das genealogias conecta-se a Arthur. » Perspectiva do Adversário: Crônicas Anglo-Saxônicas 25 anos sem vitória sobre os Britões foi registrada (527-552) Omissão de derrotas? » Arthuriana: Panegírico? Guinnion, Badon, Celidon rimam. Dubglas e Bassas rimam. » O número 12 Lendário? Nenhum embasamento no HB; Análise das Batalhas » Muitas batalhas em rios: exércitos tendem a avançar por rios; pontos de desvantagens (Travessia); » 1º Batalha: Rio Glein Northumbria (Centro-Norte, Deira, Bernicia); ou Lincolnshire (Nodeste, Lindsey) » 2º,3º,4º,5º Bt.: Rio Dubglas, região de Linnius Provavelmente defensivas. Lindsey (Nordeste, mas sem rio de mesmo nome). » 6º Bt.: Rio Bassas Baschurch em North Shorpshire (Centro-Norte de Gales). » 7º Bt.: Floresta de Celidon Caledônia (Escócia, Norte, perto de Goddodin). Provavelmente Defensiva. Falta de povoados saxões. » 8º Bt.: Forte de Guinnion Cercados. Fortificação romana. Binchester (Nordeste). » 9º Bt.: Cidade da Legiões Chester (Norte de Gales) ou Caerleon (Sul de Gales). » 10º Bt.: Rio Tribuit Desconhecido. Única dir. citada em mito: Tryfrwyd em Eidyn contra cinbin (dog-heads). » 11º Bt.: Mt. Agnet Reforço. Possível Forte Bregomion (Sul de Gales, Fronteira) . Interpretação Vaticana. Mirabilia Britanniae » There is another marvel in the region which is called Buelt. There is a mound of stones there and one stone placed above the pile with the pawprint of a dog in it. When Cabal, who was the dog of Arthur the soldier, was hunting the boar Troynt, he impressed his print in the stone, and afterwards Arthur assembled a stone mound under the stone with the print of his dog, and it is called the Carn Cabal. And men come and remove the stone in their hands for the length of a day and a night; and on the next day it is found on top of its mound. » There is another wonder in the region which is called Ercing. A tomb is located there next to a spring which is called Licat Amr; and the name of the man who is buried in the tomb was called thus: Amr. He was the son of Arthur the soldier, and Arthur himself killed and buried him in that very place.