State and Tribes in Persia 1919-1925 A case study On Political Role of the Great Tribes in Southern Persia Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. Phil.) Freie Universität Berlin Otto-Suhr-Institut für Politikwissenschaften Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften vorgelegt von: Javad Karandish Berlin, Januar 2003 Published 2011 1 1. Erstgutachter: Herr Prof. Dr. Wolf-Dieter Narr 2. Zweitgutachter: Herr Prof. Dr. Friedemann Büttner Disputationsdatum: 18.11.2003 2 PART I: GENERAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 11 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 12 1. THE STATEMENT OF A PROBLEM .......................................................................................... 12 1.1. Persia After the War.............................................................................................................. 15 2. THE RELEVANT QUESTIONINGS ............................................................................................. 16 3. THEORETICAL BASIS............................................................................................................. 17 4. THE METHOD OF RESEARCH .................................................................................................. 20 5. THE SUBJECT OF DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 21 6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SUBJECT ............................................................................................ 23 6.1. The Years of Transition ........................................................................................................ 24 7. AN OVERVIEW ON SOURCES .................................................................................................. 25 7.1. The Primary Sources:............................................................................................................25 7.1.1. The British Documents: ........................................................................................................ 26 7.1.2. Memoirs andTtravel Accounts:.............................................................................................28 7.2. Persian Sources ..................................................................................................................... 29 7.2.1. The Persian Documents ........................................................................................................ 30 7.2.2. The Persian memoirs.............................................................................................................31 7.3. Secondary Literature:............................................................................................................ 33 7.3.1. Political and Historical Studies ............................................................................................. 33 7.3.2. Studies on nomad Tribes....................................................................................................... 35 7.3.3. Researches on oil History in Persia....................................................................................... 40 8. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 44 I. NOMAD TRIBES IN PERSIA............................................................................................................... 46 1.1. Basic Geography of Persia.................................................................................................... 46 1.1.1. Location and Frontiers ..........................................................................................................46 1.2. Physical Geography ..............................................................................................................46 1.2. 1. Precipitation .......................................................................................................................... 47 1.3. Human Geography ................................................................................................................ 48 1.3.1. Pastoral Tribes andPastures .................................................................................................. 49 1.3.2. Great Powers and TribalCchieftains ..................................................................................... 53 1.4. Central Zagros and Khuzestan Tribes................................................................................... 53 1.4.1. Bakhtiyari Tribe (Origin and History) .................................................................................. 54 1.4.2. Leadership in Bakhtiyari Tribe ............................................................................................. 55 1.4.3. The Family Rivalry ............................................................................................................... 56 1.4.4. Bakhtiyari Road and Oil ....................................................................................................... 57 3 1.4.5. Bakhtiyaris in Revolution 1905-1911 ................................................................................... 57 1.4.6. Security of the Oil Fields ......................................................................................................58 1.5. Population of Khuzestan ....................................................................................................... 58 1.5.1. Arab Tribes of Khuzestan ..................................................................................................... 59 1.5.2. Khuzestan’s Governors and Chieftains................................................................................. 60 1.5.3. British and the Chieftains of Mohaysen................................................................................ 61 1.5.4. Sheikh Khaz’al the Governor of Mohammareh .................................................................... 61 1.5.5. British and Sheikh Khaz’al ................................................................................................... 62 1.6. The Great Tribes of Fars ....................................................................................................... 63 1.6.1. Qashqa’i Tribes of Fars.........................................................................................................63 1.6.2. The Confederation of Khamseh Tribes................................................................................. 64 1.6.3. Governor-General of Fars and Two Chieftains..................................................................... 67 1.7. British and Southern Tribes .................................................................................................. 67 1.7.1. Southern Tribal Chieftains and the War................................................................................ 69 1.7.2. British in Khuzestan During the War.................................................................................... 70 1.7.3. Bakhtiyaris and Khaz’al During the War.............................................................................. 73 1.7.4. Tribal Chieftains of Fars and the War................................................................................... 80 1.8. Summary ............................................................................................................................... 87 II. QAJAR PERSIA IN MODERN HISTORY........................................................................................... 90 2 .1. Persia and Great Powers in 1796-1914 ................................................................................. 90 2. 2. Persians and the Modern Europe........................................................................................... 92 2.3. Persia and the Great War ..................................................................................................... 93 2.3.1. Persia and the Belligerents in 1914-1917.............................................................................. 94 2.3. 2. The German Missions in Persia ............................................................................................ 96 2.4. From Russian Revolutions to Armistice ............................................................................ 103 2.4.1. Persia in the Years 1917-1918 ............................................................................................ 103 2. 5. Persia After the War............................................................................................................ 108 2. 5.1. Persia and Paris Peace Conference ..................................................................................... 108 2. 5.2. The Anglo-Persian Agreement 1919................................................................................... 109 2.5. 3. The Moderate Cabinet......................................................................................................... 114 2.6. The Persian Cossack Coup.................................................................................................. 116 2.6.1. Towards an Administration Reform.................................................................................... 118 2. 6. 2. The Successive Persian Cabinets ........................................................................................ 119 2.6.3.