DENMARK AND THE CRUSADES 1400 – 1650 Janus Møller Jensen Ph.D.-thesis, University of Southern Denmark, 2005 Contents Preface ...............................................................................................................................v Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 Crusade Historiography in Denmark ..............................................................................2 The Golden Age.........................................................................................................4 New Trends ...............................................................................................................7 International Crusade Historiography...........................................................................11 Part I: Crusades at the Ends of the Earth, 1400-1523 .......................................................21 Chapter 1: Kalmar Union and the Crusade, 1397-1523.....................................................23 Denmark and the Crusade in the Fourteenth Century ..................................................23 Valdemar IV and the Crusade...................................................................................27 Crusades and Herrings .............................................................................................33 Crusades in Scandinavia 1400-1448 ..............................................................................37 Papal Collectors........................................................................................................38 The Crusade and the Teutonic Knights ....................................................................40 Crusade against the Hussites ....................................................................................42 Denmark and the Hussite Crusades..........................................................................45 Christopher of Bavaria and the Crusade ...................................................................52 Christian I and Crusades against the Turk 1448-1481 ...................................................54 The Norwegian Problem ..........................................................................................55 Crusade against the Turks and Peace in the North....................................................58 The Fall of Constantinople.......................................................................................61 The Northern Frontier .............................................................................................65 The Collection of Funds by Marinus de Fregeno......................................................73 The Crusade of Pius II .............................................................................................76 From Ancona to the Fall of Negroponte 1464-1470.................................................77 Preaching the Crusades ................................................................................................83 Preaching the Crusades ............................................................................................83 Spreading the Word..................................................................................................89 Crusade Liturgy........................................................................................................91 Letters of Indulgence ...............................................................................................97 Crusading Nuns......................................................................................................100 Crusade Literature..................................................................................................103 Crusades against the Russians.....................................................................................107 King Hans and the Crusade against the Turk..............................................................120 Christian II and the Crusade: Part I ............................................................................125 Chapter 2: Greenland and the Crusades..........................................................................129 The Forgotten Periphery ............................................................................................130 i Crusade, Pilgrims, and Missionary Activity at the Northern Frontiers ........................132 Crusade Ideology and Heathens in the North.........................................................133 Pilgrims of the Far North.......................................................................................136 Church and Missions..............................................................................................138 Crusade Tithes and Greenland ...................................................................................139 The Skrælings.............................................................................................................142 The Heathens of the Far North..................................................................................150 Crusade in the Atlantic...............................................................................................159 The Southern Front ...............................................................................................160 The Northern Front...............................................................................................162 Danish Crusades to India ...........................................................................................166 Danish Crusades in India ...........................................................................................173 Conclusions: The Forgotten Crusades........................................................................177 Part II: Crusades after the Reformation..........................................................................181 Chapter 3: Crusade and Reformation..............................................................................183 Christian II and the Crusade: Part II...........................................................................183 Exile, Protestantism, and the Crusade ....................................................................183 The Last Danish Crusade?......................................................................................191 The Reformation in Denmark ....................................................................................192 Martin Luther and the War against the Turk...............................................................193 Luther and the Turkish Advance............................................................................195 Secular War and Martyrdom...................................................................................202 Ob Kriegsleute auch in seligem Stande sein können? ..........................................................209 The War against the Turks .....................................................................................214 The Right Intention................................................................................................224 Apocalyptic Thoughts Concerning the Turk...........................................................226 Liturgical War against the Turks.............................................................................228 Conclusions................................................................................................................234 Chapter 4: Protestant Crusades?.....................................................................................239 Christian III and War against the Turks......................................................................240 Paulus Helie and the Lutheran Turks .....................................................................242 Denmark, Protestantism, and the Crusade..............................................................244 Spiritual Warfare against the Turks.........................................................................246 Peder Palladius and the Turks ................................................................................248 Protestantism and Religious War, 1559-1648..............................................................253 Liturgical Warfare...................................................................................................258 The Turks in the North Atlantic.................................................................................264 Pilgrims to the Holy Sepulchre...................................................................................267 Crusade in Literature and Print...................................................................................275 Prince Svend ..............................................................................................................281 The Order of the Armed Arm................................................................................281 The Knights of Saint John in Scandinavia ..................................................................283 Orders of Chivalry in Denmark..................................................................................285 ii The Order of the Elephant.....................................................................................285 The Legend and the Order of Dannebrog ..............................................................290 Denmark in the Thirty Years’ War..............................................................................294