08 2016 ENG The Biosecurity Approach A review and evaluation of its application by IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW AND SUPPORT SYSTEM FAO, internationally and in various countries International Plant Protection Convention Protecting the world’s plant resources from pests 08 2016 The Biosecurity Approach A review and evaluation of its application by FAO, internationally and in various countries IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW AND SUPPORT SYSTEM Publication notes: Version 1.0 Published August 2016. This paper reviews and evaluates current biosecurity approaches, specifically approaches be- ing applied in various international bodies and individual countries. This paper was drafted by M. Megan Quinlan, James Alden, Ferdinand Habbel and Rebecca Murphy, through Imperial Col- lege Consultants Ltd., and reviewed by the IPPC Implementation Facilitation Unit. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by email to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. THE BIOSECURITY APPROACH Contents Acronyms . 4 Preface . 6 1 Biosecurity Definitions and Principles . 7 1.1 The FAO vision of biosecurity ................................................7 1.2 Integration of sanitary and phytosanitary measures ...........................10 1.3 Plant health and biosecurity ...............................................11 1.4 Animal health, zoonotic diseases and biosecurity ..............................13 1.5 Food safety and biosecurity ................................................15 1.6 Biodiversity and biosecurity ................................................15 1.7 Biotechnology, biosafety frameworks and biosecurity ..........................17 1.8 Security and biosecurity ...................................................18 1.9 Overview of the principles and interconnectedness of biosecurity. .19 2 Drivers and Trends .. 21 3 Frameworks for Mandates and Authority . 24 3.1 International frameworks ..................................................24 3.2 National implementation ..................................................26 4 Case Studies of Approaches .. 31 4.1 Argentina ...............................................................31 4.2 Australia ................................................................32 4.3 Belize ...................................................................34 4.4 Bhutan .................................................................36 4.5 Kenya ..................................................................38 4.6 Norway .................................................................41 5 Conclusions and recommendations . 43 6 References . 46 7 Annexes . 61 Annex 1. Example definitions from international and national laws and other documents ................................................61 Annex 2. Legislative search for biosecurity .......................................69 Annex 3. Case study questions ................................................84 3 Acronyms AGP Plant Production and Protection Division (of FAO) BAFRA Bhutan Agriculture and Food Regulatory Authority BAHA Belize Agricultural Health Authority BCA Biocontrol agent BTWC Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention CAC Codex Alimentarius Commission CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CPM Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (of the IPPC) CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (of Australia) EFSA European Food Safety Authority EFTA European Free Trade Association EMPRES Emergency Prevention System EMPRES AH Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GHSA Global Health Security Agenda, a partnership launched by WHO, FAO and OIE HACCP Hazard analysis and critical control point IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IAS Invasive alien species ICPM Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (predecessor of the CPM) IHR International Health Regulations (WHO) IICA Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture INFOSAN International Food Safety Authorities Network (under the WHO) IPPC International Plant Protection Convention IRSS Implementation Review and Support System (of the IPPC) ISPM International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures MOAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (of Bhutan) MERCOSUR Grupo Mercado Común Del Sur NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NGO Non-governmental organization NPPO National plant protection organization OHCEA One Health Central and Eastern Africa OIE World Organisation for Animal Health PHEIC Public Health Emergency of International Concern (of WHO) PVS Performance, vision and strategy tool prepared by IICA (various versions referenced) QCQD Quality Control and Quarantine Division (predecessor of BAFRA) QCRS Quality Control and Regulatory Services (now BAFRA) RPPO Regional plant protection organization SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome SENASA Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (of Argentina) 4 THE BIOSECURITY APPROACH SPS Sanitary and phytosanitary, such as the system or theme related to the SPS Agreement SPS Agreement Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (of WTO) SPS Commission Intersectoral Commission of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures STDF Standards and Trade Development Facility TCP Technical Cooperation Programme (of FAO) UN United Nations UNEP United Nations Environment Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development VKM Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WHO World Health Organization WTO World Trade Organization Notes on style: The usage of the term biosecurity varies widely across countries and often is difficult to translate. The 2002 FAO Expert Consultation on Biosecurity in Food and Agriculture agreed that, when written, Biosecurity should be italicized and capitalized for use in all language, in order to avoid confusion, delimit its scope and avoid translation difficulties. However, for the purposes of this report and in line with International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) general style, we have used simply: biosecurity. Similarly, to simply the report, each country mentioned is by short country name (aligned with FAO’s use, http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/iso3list/en/) rather than the official name. Citations for various legal and regulatory texts are also by the short country name and number and/or year of the act or regulation. Other details, e.g. Parliament or Council of, are included only if the cited document is clear on this point. Because these are not full legal citations, they appear by date under an alphabetical country list at the end of references, rather than with the others. Documents prepared by governments that are cited, but which are not laws or regulations, appear in the references section alphabetically by author (this may be a public unit, department, ministry or national government) 5 Preface For more than a decade, the Food and Agriculture remaining in the twenty-first century. This is now Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been progressing as a post-2015 dialogue facilitated by a leader in developing the biosecurity approach. the United Nations Development Group, including This study of current practice has found biosecurity FAO. These global objectives were further stated in to encompass a range of previously distinct fields the Sustainable Development Goals agreed at the of expertise – in plant, animal and human health; “Rio+20” United Nations Conference on Sustainable trade and economic development; biodiversity con- Development in 2012. For the past two decades, a servation and environment; security considerations resurgence of foodborne illness and emerging dis- covering terrorism; food security; and national pat- ease discovery, local impacts and even pandemics rimony among other elements – in an interlinking linked with zoonosis, such as the severe acute re- and interdisciplinary approach that remains vague spiratory syndrome (SARS), have emphasized the albeit of increasing importance. need for coordinated and efficient surveillance and Trends in international development and govern- response systems in animal and human health. ment initiatives often follow trigger events, and bi- Biosecurity as a concept has also been affected osecurity is no different. In the 1980s food security