European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences № 1 2018 PREMIER Vienna Publishing 2018 European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Scientific journal № 1 2018 ISSN 2414-2344 Editor-in-chief Maier Erika, Germany, Doctor of Philology Lewicka Jolanta, Poland, Doctor of Psychology International editorial board Massaro Alessandro, Italy, Doctor of Philosophy Marianna A. Balasanian, Georgia, Doctor of Philology Abdulkasimov Ali, Uzbekistan, Doctor of Geography Meymanov Bakyt Kattoevich, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Economics Abdulkasimov Ali, Uzbekistan, Doctor of Geography Serebryakova Yulia Vadimovna, Russia, Ph.D. of Cultural Science Adieva Aynura Abduzhalalovna, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Economics Shugurov Mark, Russia, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Arabaev Cholponkul Isaevich, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Law Suleymanova Rima, Russia, Doctor of History Barlybaeva Saule Hatiyatovna, Kazakhstan, Doctor of History Fazekas Alajos, Hungary, Doctor of Law Busch Petra, Austria, Doctor of Economics Cherniavska Olena, Ukraine, Doctor of Economics Proofreading Kristin Theissen Garagonich Vasily Vasilyevich, Ukraine, Doctor of History Cover design Andreas Vogel Jansarayeva Rima, Kazakhstan, Doctor of Law Additional design Stephan Friedman Karabalaeva Gulmira, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Education Editorial office European Science Review Kvinikadze Giorgi, Georgia, Doctor of Geographical Sciences “East West” Association for Advanced Studies Kiseleva Anna Alexandrovna, Russia, Ph.D. of Political Sciences and Higher Education GmbH, Am Gestade 1 Khoutyz Zaur, Russia, Doctor of Economics 1010 Vienna, Austria Khoutyz Irina, Russia, Doctor of Philology Kocherbaeva Aynura Anatolevna, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Economics Email: [email protected] Konstantinova Slavka, Bulgaria, Doctor of History Homepage: www.ew-a.org European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences is an international, German/English/Russian language, peer-reviewed journal. 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Art Lanchava Omari Ionovitch, Doctor of Historical Sciences Georgia, Kutaisi State Historical Museum, E-mail: [email protected] Ugrekhelidze Irina Iosifovna, PhD., of Engineriing Georgia, Kutaisi State Historical Museum, E-mail: [email protected] Kartsidze Nona Gramitonovna, PhD., of History Georgia, Kutaisi State Historical Museum, E-mail: [email protected] GOLDWORK TRADITIONS IN GEORGIA ACCORDING TO MATERIALS OF KUTAISI STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM Abstract: From ancient times exists the tradition of producing gold twine and goldwork in Geor- gia, that is proved by archaeological discoveries. From the old samples of goldwork, in Georgian mu- seums the most noteworthy is the epitracheliuon of XVII c. preserved in Kutaisi historical museum. Keywords: Archaeological gold strip, goldwork, epitrachelion. From ancient times in Georgia was familiar the The goldsmithery technique was still very strong and art of golden embroidery and the precious materials developed at the level of the art back to millenniums. used for this purpose – techniques of processing the Confirmation for this are the great number of Jewelry thinnest gold and silver threads. In the ancient civi- and other golden items of the ancient antiquity found lizations, Colchis, famous as the country of mining in the archaeological discoveries of early bronze age, and processing gold, also possessed the Knowledge (Ananuri, Bedena and Tsnori korgans, hill tombs of of mystery of the making and usage of golden thread Alazani Gorge), middle bronze age (Golden Treasure that has been confirmed by many archaeological dis- of Trialeti Culture), antique period (Mtskheta, Vani, coveries. It is true that the oldest sample that we have Akhalgori, Stepantsminda, Sairkhe and other tombs). acenturiesomplished with this precious material as an The oldest golden treasure of Georgia contain a object is not early of the XII century (Because of the number of items decorated with fretwork made with less durability of the item and the tradition to get the a thin golden wire. This fact gives us the basis to think gold from old objects) but the very existence is proved that our ancestor, who from the ancient times knew from various artefacts. Production of gold twine and how to drag on, entwine and make fretwork from gold thread is the sphere of work of the goldsmith. gold wire, of course it would not be hard to get the 3 Section 1. Art golden hair from golden wire and then make gold The fragments of gold twine are also found in the twine. This idea is also confirmed by a stone tool – burials of Iberian nobleman Asparug and in Bagineti Hadida, used for dragging on the gold wire, discov- shrine (Mtskheta), dated back to II–III centuries ered on the territory of Georgia and dated back to (The archaeological material is kept at S. Janashia II millennium. This tool is the main instrument for Georgian National Museum). contemporary goldsmith, having holes of different The fragments of gold stripes and the ornamental sizes it drags on various metal wires (gold, silver, surface (which is undoubtedly a part of the textile) copper). The every single hole gives the gold wire were found during archaeological digs held at Bagrat of the appropriate diameters. The thin gold strip is Cathedral when uncovering the burials of a man of made by pulling it through the narrowest hole of the VIII century A.D. (Fig. 1, a). and a woman of IX–X Hadida., then it should be pressed under two iron centuries. (the head of archaeological expedition bars and thus the tiny, flat line of gold is ready to be Prof. O. Lanchava). The dead woman’s right shoul- wounded around the cotton or silk core. der was covered with goldwork textile (Fig.1, b). The Nowadays the earliest gold twine is found in the most interesting is the fact of using both gold twine year 1961, during the archaeological digs in Vani, in and gold hair in the textile, which did not seem to be the tomb of a woman and a child dated back to VI–V seen with unarmed eyes but appeared after examin- centuries. B. C. In child’s tomb was discovered the ing it with magnifying glass. Of course, the goldwork goldwork crown “Gvergvi”. Georgian archeologist garment was not able to withstand the time and only N. Khoshtaria notes that in the IV century B.C.: “it the golden hair and gold twine have remained. is already used knitted flax textile” [1, 18]. a) b) Figure 1. Fragments of gold strip and gold twine from Bagrat burials: a – man’s burial (VIII century); b – woman’s burial (IX–X centuries) 4 GOLDWORK TRADITIONS IN GEORGIA ACCORDING TO MATERIALS OF KUTAISI STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM It is shown by archaeological materials that ble. Refugees from Near East – Jews settled in Ibe- goldwork in Georgia has 2500–2600 years old his- ria, near Mtskheta – Zanavi, 26 centuries ago. There- tory – the ancient noblemen of Colchis already use fore, we can conclude that the goldwork tradition the goldwork textile from VI century B. C. And this is connected with the massive migration of Jews to is 3–4 centuries earlier than even of antique Europe, Georgia, but it is also possible to discover new arti- as the erudite Roman writer Gaius. facts confirming the use of gold hair and gold twine earlier (base for this opinion is the goldsmithery of Colchis – producing tradition of the thinnest golden stripe – gold hair and the special stone tool Hadida). The above mentioned material is a clear proof of the great history of the goldwork tradition in our country. Indeed, ancient artifacts of goldwork are kept in museums of Georgia, including the Kutaisi Historical Museum. From these samples we will pay attention to the element of ecclesiastical garment – epitrachelion (stole), which was brought to Kutaisi museum in 1923 from Gelati Virgin Monastery (Fig. 2). Stole consists of the canvas textile as the upper layer and the backing of raspberry-colored thin cot- ton – Kanaozi. For embroidery it is used gold and silver hair, and embroidery technique – satin-stitch with couching. Stole has an Asomtavuri (round let- ters) inscriptions. The object attracts our attention by its non- canonical form – instead of the long, two- sided and apron-shaped form, it is cut from an entire material and is quite short to the front side. The sec- ond distinctive mark is the backside, which has an elongated end. The surface of the item is completely embroi- dered with a golden and silver threads made with satin-stich with couching.