Studien zur Friedensethik Studies on Peace Ethics | Heydar Shadi [ed.] Islamic Peace Ethics Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence in Contemporary Islamic Thought Das Institut für Theologie und Frieden hat die Aufgabe, die ethischen Grundlagen menschlicher Friedensordnung zu erforschen und in den aktuellen friedenspolitischen Diskurs hineinzutragen. Mit den „Studien zur Friedensethik“ wird eine friedensethische Vertiefung der außen- und sicherheitspolitischen Debatte angestrebt. Dabei geht es letztlich um die Frage: Durch welche Politik wird den heute von Gewalt, Armut und Unfreiheit bedrohten Menschen am bes- ten geholfen und zugleich der Errichtung einer zukünftigen fried- lichen internationalen Ordnung gedient, in der Sicherheit, Wahrung der Gerechtigkeit und Achtung der Menschenrechte für alle gewährleistet werden? Studien zur Friedensethik Studies on Peace Ethics herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven Dr. Bernhard Koch Band 57 Heydar Shadi [ed.] Islamic Peace Ethics Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence in Contemporary Islamic Thought 2.Auflage Nomos Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de ISBN HB (Nomos) 978-3-8487-4050-5 ePDF (Nomos) 978-3-8452-8349-4 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN HB (Nomos) 978-3-8487-4050-5 ePDF (Nomos) 978-3-8452-8349-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shadi, Heydar Islamic Peace Ethics Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence in Contemporary Islamic Thought Heydar Shadi (ed.) 263 p. Includes bibliographic references. ISBN HB (Nomos) 978-3-8487-4050-5 ePDF (Nomos) 978-3-8452-8349-4 ISBN 978-3-402-11704-0 (Aschendorff Verlag, Münster, Print) ISBN 978-3-402-11704-0 (Aschendorff Verlag, Münster, ePDF) Die Schriftenreihen ‚Beiträge zur Friedensethik‘ und ‚Theologie und Frieden‘ sind jeweils bis Band 44 beim Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, erschienen. 1. Edition 2017 © Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, Germany 2017. Printed and bound in Germany. This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to “Verwertungs gesellschaft Wort”, Munich. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refrain- ing from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Nomos or the editor. Das Institut für Theologie und Frieden hat die Aufgabe, die ethischen Grundlagen menschlicher Friedensordnung zu erforschen und in den aktuellen friedenspolitischen Diskurs hineinzutragen. Mit den „Studien zur Friedensethik“ wird eine friedensethische Vertiefung der außen- und sicherheitspolitischen Debatte angestrebt. Dabei geht es letztlich um die Frage: Durch welche Politik wird den heute von Gewalt, Armut und Unfreiheit bedrohten Menschen am bes- ten geholfen und zugleich der Errichtung einer zukünftigen fried- lichen internationalen Ordnung gedient, in der Sicherheit, Wahrung der Gerechtigkeit und Achtung der Menschenrechte für alle gewährleistet werden? Studien zur Friedensethik Studies on Peace Ethics herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven Dr. Bernhard Koch Band 57 Heydar Shadi [ed.] Islamic Peace Ethics Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence in Contemporary Islamic Thought 2.Auflage Nomos Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de ISBN HB (Nomos) 978-3-8487-4050-5 ePDF (Nomos) 978-3-8452-8349-4 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN HB (Nomos) 978-3-8487-4050-5 ePDF (Nomos) 978-3-8452-8349-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shadi, Heydar Islamic Peace Ethics Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence in Contemporary Islamic Thought Heydar Shadi (ed.) 263 p. Includes bibliographic references. ISBN HB (Nomos) 978-3-8487-4050-5 ePDF (Nomos) 978-3-8452-8349-4 ISBN 978-3-402-11704-0 (Aschendorff Verlag, Münster, Print) ISBN 978-3-402-11704-0 (Aschendorff Verlag, Münster, ePDF) Die Schriftenreihen ‚Beiträge zur Friedensethik‘ und ‚Theologie und Frieden‘ sind jeweils bis Band 44 beim Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, erschienen. 1. Edition 2017 © Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, Germany 2017. Printed and bound in Germany. This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to “Verwertungs gesellschaft Wort”, Munich. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refrain- ing from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Nomos or the editor. Sponsored by: Herzog Erik von Arenberg Stiftung, Düsseldorf Contents Introduction 9 I. Methodology and Theory Some Methodological Remarks on Islamic Peace Ethics 19 Heydar Shadi Is it Essentialism to Claim that Some Religions Foster Violence – and Some Do Not? 37 Dirk Ansorge Discussing Islamic Peace Ethics: Conceptual Considerations of the Normative 55 Sybille Reinke de Buitrago Peace and Violence in Islam: Philosophical Issues 69 Oliver Leaman II. Jus ad bellum A. Sunni 85 Violence in Contemporary Indonesian Islamist Scholarship: Habib Rizieq Syihab and ‘enjoining good and forbidding evil’ 87 Asfa Widiyanto Citizenship as Inclusion and Exclusion: Arguments against Religious Violence from Contemporary Pakistan 113 Najia Mukhtar 7 Contents Blessed Boundaries: the Limits of Sunnah to Legitimize Violence 139 Charles M. Ramsey Islamic Views of Peace and Conflict among Russia’s Muslims 163 Simona E. Merati B. Shi’ah 181 A Qur’anic Revision of Offensive War with Emphasis on the Views of the Late Ayatollah Khoei 183 Yahya Sabbaghchi The Rhetoric of Power in Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah’s al-Islam wa-mantiq al-quwwa 205 Bianka Speidl C. Sufi 227 Jawdat Sa‘id and the Muslim Philosophy of Peace 229 Abdessamad Belhaj III. Jus in bello Lying in War: Different Ethical Justifications 249 Seyed Hassan Eslami Ardakani Short biographies of the authors 257 The Institute of Theology and Peace (ithf) 263 8 Introduction This book is based on the proceedings of the international workshop ‘Is‐ lamic Peace Ethics: Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence in Contemporary Islamic Thought’, which were held by the Institut für Theologie und Frieden (Institute for Theology and Peace) (ithf) 15-17 October 2015 in Hamburg, Germany. A significant characteristic of these proceedings is taking into account the confessional, geographical, and ideological diversity of contemporary Islamic peace ethics. The book includes papers discussing peace ethics from different groups and scholars representing both Sunni and Shi‘ah branches of Islam, as well as different positions towards violence from pacifism and traditionalism to fundamentalism. The contributors are aca‐ demics from different countries including Indonesia, Pakistan, Iran, Ger‐ many, UK, US, and Belgium. The papers discuss peace and war in con‐ temporary Islamic thought from different disciplinary perspectives such as theology, philosophy, religious studies, cultural studies and the political sciences. They are divided into three parts: a. Methodology and Theory, b. Jus ad bellum1 and c. Jus in bello. I. Methodologies and Theories of Islamic Peace Ethics The main emphasis of this book is on the methodological aspects of Islam‐ ic peace ethics. In addition to the papers in the first section, the ‘Method‐ ology and Theory’, which deal directly with methodological issues, the papers in two other parts, ‘jus ad bellum’ and ‘jus in bello’ focus on the methodology and structure of arguments used by contemporary Muslim scholars for legitimizing and delegitimizing violence. One of the methodological issues that are discussed is the normative disciplines in Islamic knowledge culture that have dealt or can deal with 1 Jus ad bellum is a part of just war theory in the Roman-Catholic tradition that dis‐ cusses the conditions in which a war can be justified. Other parts are jus in bello, the rules of doing a war, and post in bellum, the rules of ending a war and what obligations exist post war. 9 Introduction issues relating to peace and war. In ‘Some Methodological Remarks on Is‐ lamic Peace Ethics’, Heydar Shadi problematizes the almost exclusive fo‐ cus of current debates in Islamic peace ethics on the legal tradition (Shari‘ah-fiqh), and argues for a more comprehensive approach by taking into consideration the non-fiqhi and non-legal fields such as philosophical and mystical ethics, political philosophy (for example Farabi) and adab literature. Referring to the diversity of Islamic normative fields, Shadi points out that comparative studies on Islamic and Jewish peace ethics can be very helpful because the knowledge culture of Islamic and Jewish tradi‐