Maher Omar Rushdi Abu-Madi Incentive Systems for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Irrigated Agriculture in the MENA Region: Evidence from Jordan and Tunisia Maher Omar Rushdi Abu-Madi Incentive Systems for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Irrigated Agriculture in the MENA Region: Evidence from Jordan and Tunisia Incentive Systems for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Irrigated Agriculture in the MENA Region: Evidence from Jordan and Tunisia DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Board for the Doctorate of Delft University of Technology and the Academic Board of the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education for the Degree of DOCTOR to be defended in public on Tuesday, 22 June 2004 at 14:30 hours in Delft, The Netherlands by Maher Omar Rushdi Abu-Madi born in Nablus, The West Bank, Palestine B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering and Technology (Banaras Hindu University, India) M.Sc. in Sanitary Engineering (IHE Delft, The Netherlands) This dissertation has been approved by the promoter Prof.dr.ir. G.J.F.R. Alaerts TU Delft / UNESCO-IHE Delft, The Netherlands Members of the Awarding Committee: Chairman Rector Magnificus Delft University of Technology Co-chairman Director UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education Dr. O. Braadbaart Wageningen University and Research Centre Prof.dr. M.P. van Dijk UNESCO-IHE and Erasmus University, Rotterdam Prof.ir. J.H.J.M. van der Graaf Delft University of Technology Dr. N. Khouri The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA Prof.dr.ir. H.H.G. Savenije Delft University of Technology The fieldwork described in this dissertation was carried out in coordination with the Jordanian Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) and the Tunisian National Sewerage Agency or Office National de l’Assainissement (ONAS). The Dutch Government sponsored this work. Copyright © 2004 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher. Although all care is taken to ensure the integrity and quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the authors for any damage to property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. Published by A. A. Balkema Publishers, a member of Taylor & Francis Group plc. www.balkema.nl and www.tandf.co.uk ISBN 90 5809 702 1 (Taylor & Francis Group) To my parents, Abeer (my wife), Sarah and Reham (my daughters) Contents Contents CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................................I SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................................V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................................................................................................................IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Problem description..........................................................................................................................................3 1.3 Objective...........................................................................................................................................................3 1.4 Scope of the study.............................................................................................................................................3 1.5 Approach of the Study......................................................................................................................................4 1.5.1 Fieldwork in Jordan and Tunisia................................................................................................................4 1.5.2 Preparation and pilot testing of questionnaires ..........................................................................................5 1.5.3 Selection and size of sample ......................................................................................................................6 1.5.4 Reliability of collected data .......................................................................................................................6 1.6 Structure of the thesis .......................................................................................................................................7 1.7 References ........................................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 2: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER UTILIZATION ..............................11 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................11 2.2 Wastewater utilization ....................................................................................................................................11 2.2.1 General.....................................................................................................................................................11 2.2.2 Wastewater production ............................................................................................................................12 2.2.3 Wastewater collection..............................................................................................................................13 2.2.4 Wastewater treatment...............................................................................................................................13 2.2.5 Wastewater reuse .....................................................................................................................................20 2.3 Quantification of achievements in wastewater utilization ..............................................................................22 2.3.1 Background..............................................................................................................................................22 2.3.2 Wastewater Reuse Index (WRI) ..............................................................................................................23 2.4 The incentive systems for improved utilization of reclaimed wastewater ......................................................26 2.5 Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................................................................27 2.6 References ......................................................................................................................................................28 CHAPTER 3: THE STUDY AREA ...........................................................................................................................31 3.1 Jordan .............................................................................................................................................................31 3.1.1 Population, topography, and climate........................................................................................................31 3.1.2 Water resources........................................................................................................................................32 3.1.3 Agriculture...............................................................................................................................................36 3.1.4 Water supply, sanitation, and reuse..........................................................................................................38 3.2 Tunisia ............................................................................................................................................................43 3.2.1 Population, topography, and climate........................................................................................................43 3.2.2 Water resources........................................................................................................................................43 3.2.3 Agriculture...............................................................................................................................................47 3.2.4 Water supply, sanitation, and reuse..........................................................................................................47 3.3 References ......................................................................................................................................................56 CHAPTER 4 PERFORMANCE AND COST OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN JORDAN AND TUNISIA.....................59 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................59 4.2 Objective.........................................................................................................................................................60 4.3 Technical performance of the treatment systems............................................................................................61