Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme (NEEP) “Testing “New Technologies” for the Terai” Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme (NEEP) This study was funded by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and as a German contribution to the priority cooperation area of Energy and an activity of NEEP. Legal Information/Disclaimer 1. The data used in this study is based on both publicly accessible sources of information and nonpublic papers, as well as interviews with experts. Although all information has been checked, errors cannot be ruled out. Neither the GIZ nor the authors can therefore provide any guarantee of the accuracy of the data included in this study; no liability can be accepted for any loss or damage resulting from use of the data included in the study. 2. The sole authorized user of this study for all forms of use is the GIZ. Duplication or reproduction of all or part of the study and distribution for non-commercial purposes is permitted, provided the title of the study, GIZ and the „Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme (NEEP)‟ are named as the source. Other uses, including duplication, reproduction or distribution of all or part of the study for commercial purposes, require the prior written consent of the GIZ. Submitted by Practical Action Nepal Office Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal (December 2011) ii Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme (NEEP) Acronyms and Abbreviations AEPC Alternative Energy Promotion Centre BEC Biomass Energy Component BSP Biogas Support Program CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CO Carbon Monoxide CRT/N Centre for Rural Technology Nepal CWSN Child Welfare Scheme Nepal DDC District Development Committee DEECC District Energy and Environment Coordination Committee DEEU District Energy and Environment Unit DESR District Energy Situation Report ESAP Energy Sector Assistance Programme FOST Foundation for Sustainable Technologies HEH Household Energy and Health Programme HHs Households ICS Improved Cook Stove IDS Integrated Development Society INGO International Non-Governmental Organization Kg Kilogram LFP Livelihoods and Forestry Programme LPG Liquefied petroleum gas NAST Nepal Academy of Science and Technology NEEP Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme NGO Non-Governmental Organization NRs Nepalese Rupee RECAST Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology RET Renewable Energy Technology RRESC Regional Renewable Energy Service Centre SWOT Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat VDC Village Development Committee WHO World Health Organisation i Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background.................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Objectives .................................................................................................................... 2 2. Dung fuel use – A review .................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Health cost of dung use ............................................................................................... 4 2.2. Nature of dung ............................................................................................................. 4 2.3. Appropriate stoves for dung burning ............................................................................ 4 3. Research methodology ....................................................................................................... 5 3.1. Study design ................................................................................................................ 5 3.1.1. Primary data ......................................................................................................... 5 3.2. Secondary data ............................................................................................................ 7 3.3. Data analysis ............................................................................................................... 7 4. Characteristics of the surveyed households ........................................................................ 8 4.1. Family size and population ........................................................................................... 8 4.2. Ethnicity ....................................................................................................................... 8 4.3. Occupation of surveyed population .............................................................................. 9 4.4. Income and expenditure .............................................................................................. 9 4.5. Association with local groups/organization ................................................................... 9 5. Fuel use and stoves for cooking in Terai ........................................................................... 10 5.1. Fuel use and stoves ................................................................................................... 10 5.2. Dung fuel use and stoves........................................................................................... 11 5.3. Stove preferences ...................................................................................................... 14 6. Analysis of institutional involvement .................................................................................. 16 6.1. Implementing organizations ....................................................................................... 16 6.1.1. AEPC/ESAP Biomass Energy Component ......................................................... 16 6.1.2. District Energy and Environment Unit ................................................................. 16 6.1.3. Centre for Rural Technology Nepal (CRT/N) ....................................................... 17 6.1.4. INGOs and project involvement .......................................................................... 17 6.1.5. NGOs involvement .............................................................................................. 17 6.2. Research organizations ............................................................................................. 18 6.2.1. CWSN – Research on dung processing .............................................................. 18 6.2.2. Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) .......................................... 18 6.2.3. The Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST)............... 19 6.3. Private sector and market .......................................................................................... 19 6.4. Financing institutions ................................................................................................. 19 7. Analysis of existing technologies ....................................................................................... 20 7.1. Stoves ........................................................................................................................ 20 7.2. Household gasifier stove ............................................................................................ 20 7.3. Dung processing ........................................................................................................ 20 7.4. Fuel switching (Briquette, bioenergy etc.) .................................................................. 21 7.4.1. Briquette ............................................................................................................. 21 7.4.2. Bioenergy ........................................................................................................... 23 7.5. Biogas ........................................................................................................................ 23 ii Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme (NEEP) 8. Conclusion and recommendation ...................................................................................... 24 8.1. Best technology options ............................................................................................. 24 8.1.1. Stove modification .............................................................................................. 24 8.1.2. Improvement in dung fuel processing ................................................................. 25 8.1.3. Fuel Switching to Briquette ................................................................................. 26 8.2. Target Areas for Project Implementation .................................................................... 26 8.3. Best dissemination approach ..................................................................................... 26 List of Figures Figure 4.1: Ethnicity of surveyed households ............................................................................. 8 List of Tables Table 2.1: Distribution of HHs by various sources of fuel use for cooking by region ................... 3 Table 2.2: Distribution of households by type of stove used ....................................................... 3 Table 3.1: Surveyed districts and village development committees ............................................ 5 Table 4.1: Average family size in surveyed areas ...................................................................... 8 Table 4.2: Primary occupation of economically active population (in %) ..................................... 9 Table 4.3: