THE ENTRANCE OF MODERN OPTICS TO OTTOMAN SCIENCE by Sena Pekkendir B.S., Physics, Boğaziçi University, 2011 Submitted to the Institute for Graduate Studies in Science and Engineeering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Physics Boğaziçi University 2015 ii THE ENTRANCE OF MODERN OPTICS TO OTTOMAN SCIENCE APPROVED BY: Prof. Levent Kurnaz ………………………... (Thesis Supervisor) Prof. İhsan Fazlıoğlu ………………………… (Thesis Co-advisor) Assoc. Prof. Burçin Ünlü ………………………… Prof. Edhem Eldem ………………………… Prof. Naci İnci ………………………… DATE OF APPROVAL: 02.07.2015 iii Dedicated to my husband Behiç and my son Ömer Melih iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I’d like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor Prof. Levent Kurnaz for teaching me how to do academic research at first by joining me to his Soft Condensed Matter Lab when I was a sophomore. Also I’m very lucky to have been attended to his lectures on History of Science for that I discovered the branch I want to spend my life with. I’m so thankful to him to encourage and support me to write a thesis on history of science. I’d like to express my gratitude to Prof. İhsan Fazlıoğlu for always forcing me to be better and for teaching me a great deal of wisdom of academy. I’m very grateful for the things I’ve learned from him and I’m lucky that I’ll continue learning from him in the upcoming years. I also would like to thank my mother Sera Sarı for being there whenever I need her and always supporting me. I’d like to thank my sister Semanur for always being a good friend and a motivation. I’d like to thank my grandfather Mehmet Ali Sarı for teaching me Ottoman and giving me his time whenever I asked for it. I’d like to thank my mother in law Ayşe Şakire for the support she gives and my father in law Prof. Mehmet Akif Aydın for the encouraging academic environment he provides in our family. I’d like to thank my eight-month old son for the meaning he brought into my life, for always being a source of joy and for standing my absence in those times I’d been working instead of being with him. But mostly I’d like to thank my husband Behiç Aydın, for the love and attention he gives me, for our happy life together, for his endless support and encouragement. v ABSTRACT THE ENTRANCE OF MODERN OPTICS TO OTTOMAN SCIENCE In Ottoman State, modern sciences were brought into the country as a result of military targets. The first engineering schools were being established from the beginning of 18th century and foreigner scholars were brought in, to provide the transmission of knowledge. Also a comprehensive translation movement from the West was initiated. One of the pioneers of this movement, Chief Instructor of the Imperial School of Military Engineering, Ishak Efendi (d. 1836), wrote a treatise in Ottoman named Mecmua-i Ulum-i Riyaziye (Istanbul 1247-1250/1831-1834) using European resources. Mecmua-i Ulum-i Riyaziye is the first encyclopedia of positive sciences in Ottoman State and the first comprehensive study to represent positive sciences systematically. It’s also credited for its presentation of Western European optical knowledge to Ottoman science properly. This study aims to examine the process of the entrance of modern optics to Ottoman State. Firstly, it presents the development of the science of optics from the ancient ages to the 18th century in order to present the back ground of the modern optical thought. Then, it focuses on the innovations in Ottoman State and the process of the entrance of modern sciences into the country. It examines the chapters of Mecmua-i Ulum-i Riyaziye on optics in order to track down the transmission of optical knowledge from West to Ottoman State and it examines the literature of Optical Work provided by Ottoman scholars. The study concludes in 1937, when modern concepts of optics were introduced into the country by Refik Fenmen. vi ÖZET MODERN OPTİK BİLİMİNİN OSMANLI BİLİMİNE GİRİŞİ Osmanlı Devleti’nde modern bilimlerin ülkeye girişi askeri hedefler sonucu gerçekleşmiştir. 18. Yüzyılın başından itibaren ilk mühendishaneler kurulmaya başlamış ve yurtdışından hocalar getirilerek bilgi aktarımı sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Öte yandan, geniş kapsamlı bir çeviri haraketi başlatılmıştır. Bu çeviri hareketinin öncülerinden biri olan, Mühendishane-i Berri-i Hümayun Başhocası İshak Efendi (d. 1836), Avrupalı kaynaklardan faydalanarak Osmanlıca Mecmua-i Ulum-i Riyaziye (Istanbul 1247- 1250/1831-1834) isimli bir eser kaleme almıştır. Mecmua-i Ulum-i Riyaziye Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki ilk pozitif bilimler ansiklopedisi ve de pozitif bilimleri sistematik bir şekilde sunan ilk kapsamlı çalışmadır. Bu eser, öte yandan Batı Avrupa kaynaklarındaki optik bilgileri Osmanlı Bilimine düzgün bir şekilde sunuyor olmasından ötürü itibar kazanmıştır. Bu çalışma modern optik biliminin Osmanlı Bilimine giriş sürecini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Öncelikle, optik biliminin antik çağdan 18. Yüzyıla seyreden gelişimi sunularak modern optik düşüncenin arka planının sergilenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Sonra, Osmanlı Devleti’nde gerçekleşen yeniliklere ve modern bilimlerin ülkeye giriş sürecine odaklanılmaktadır. Optik bilgilerin Batı’dan Osmanlı’ya aktarım sürecinin izini sürmek için Mecmua-i Ulum-i Riyaziye’nin optik bilimine dair olan bölümleri ve Osmanlı Bilim İnsanlarının oluşturduğu optik literatürü incelenmektedir. Çalışma, modern optik kavramklarının Refik Fenmen tarafından ülkeye takdim edildiği 1937 yılında son bulmaktadır. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... v ÖZET .................................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………………… x LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………... xii LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS……...………………………………………... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. The Emergence of the Science of Optics in Ancient Greece ................................... 3 1.1.1. Early History of Optics ................................................................................ 3 1.1.2. Theories on Direct Vision ............................................................................ 4 1.1.2.1. Intromission Theory………………………………………………….4 1.1.2.2. Extramission Theory………………………………………………..5 1.1.2.3. Mediumistic Theory…………………………………………………6 1.1.3. Geometrical Interpretation of Direct Vision ................................................ 7 1.1.4. Geometrical Interpretation of Reflection ..................................................... 9 1.1.5. Geometrical Interpretation of Refraction .................................................. 10 1.2. Transfer of the Science of Optics into Medieval Islam ......................................... 11 1.2.1. The Translation Movement from Greek to Arabic ..................................... 11 1.2.2. Theories on Direct Vision .......................................................................... 12 1.2.2.1. Extramission Theory………………………………………………13 1.2.2.2. Intromission Theory……………………………………………….16 2. ALHAZEN AND HIS SCHOOL OF OPTICS .............................................................. 20 2.1. Alhazen as the Father of Modern Optics ............................................................... 20 2.1.1. Theories on Direct Vision .......................................................................... 22 2.1.1.1. The New Intromission Theory…………………………………… 22 2.1.2. Theories on Reflection ............................................................................... 24 2.1.3. Theories on Refraction ............................................................................... 25 2.1.4. The Influence of Alhazen in the West ........................................................ 25 viii 2.2. The School of Alhazen .......................................................................................... 27 2.2.1. Theories on Direct Vision .......................................................................... 27 2.2.2. Theories on Reflection ............................................................................... 28 2.2.3. Theories on Refraction ............................................................................... 28 2.3. Optics in the Ottoman Science during the Classical Period ................................... 29 2.3.1. Theories on Direct Vision .......................................................................... 31 2.3.2. Theories on Reflection ............................................................................... 33 2.3.3. Theories on Refraction ............................................................................... 33 3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN OPTICS .......................................................... 35 3.1. Optics in Medieval Europe .................................................................................... 35 3.1.1. Theories on Direct Vision .......................................................................... 35 3.1.2. Theories on Reflection and Refraction ....................................................... 37 3.2. The Development of Modern Optics ...................................................................... 39 3.2.1. Theories on Direct Vision .........................................................................