City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works School of Arts & Sciences Theses Hunter College Spring 5-5-2017 Assessing Behavioral Syndromes in Captive Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens) Using an Ethological Approach Tyler C. Bray CUNY Hunter College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/hc_sas_etds/180 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] CAPTIVE RED PANDA PERSONALITY 1 Assessing Behavioral Syndromes in Captive Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens) Using an Ethological Approach by Tyler C. Bray Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Animal Behavior and Conservation, Hunter College The City University of New York May 5, 2017 Thesis Sponsor: Dr. Peter Moller May 4, 2017 Peter Moller Date Signature May 4, 2017 David Powell Date Signature of Second Reader CAPTIVE RED PANDA PERSONALITY 2 Abstract Research on animal personality has revealed that it is stable and contextually consistent, and has a significant impact on an animal’s physiology and psychological wellbeing. Personality, sometimes referred to as behavioral syndromes or temperament, impacts health, reproductive success, and survival, and is thus an important factor to consider when assessing the welfare of captive animals. In this study, eight red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) were observed from three institutions in the New York City area to determine if behavioral syndromes can be assessed in this species using an ethological approach. Two behavioral syndromes were assessed: 1) “Active/Exploratory” and 2) “Maintenance”, which showed no differences between age or sex classes. The “Active/Exploratory” behavioral syndrome is consistent with several personality dimensions found in other mammalian species, while the “Maintenance” behavioral syndrome may be related to a broader personality dimension. Neither behavioral syndrome showed sex differences, but the “Active/Exploratory” dimension was inversely correlated with age. Both behavioral syndromes have ecological and welfare implications. This study can serve as the start of a deeper investigation into behavioral syndromes in red pandas and the impact they have on the welfare of this species in captivity. Keywords: Behavioral syndromes, red panda, welfare, animal personality CAPTIVE RED PANDA PERSONALITY 3 Assessing Behavioral Syndromes in Captive Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens) Using an Ethological Approach Research on non-human animal personality has historically been sparse. Some work on this topic emerged in the early 20th century from a few researchers, but animal personality remained understudied until recently due to the argument that animal personality is subjective and idiosyncratic (Freeman & Gosling, 2010; Gosling, 2008; Dall, Houston, & McNamara, 2004). This recent resurgence encompasses a variety of fields, and is the result of empirical and conceptual advances that demonstrate that animal personality is in fact stable, quantifiable, and consistent (Gosling, 2008; Sih, Bell, & Johnson, 2004; Pennisi, 2016). Scientists use several terms to discuss the concept of animal personality, including “personality”, “behavioral syndromes”, and “temperament” (Gosling, 2001). No overarching, comprehensive definition of animal personality exists across disciplines. However for the purpose of this study, “behavioral syndromes” will be used to refer to the dimensions of animal personality, and are defined as suites of correlated behaviors that remain consistent within a given behavioral context and across time and ecological contexts (Sih, Bell, Johnson, & Ziemba 2004). These behavioral syndromes are variable between individuals (Wielebnowski, 1999; Gartner & Powell, 2011; Gosling, 1998), heritable (Sih, Bell, & Johnson, 2004; Dingemanse, Bouwman, van de Pol, van Overveld, Patrick, Matthysen, & Quinn, 2012), and affect survival at both the individual and the group level (Bergvall, Schäpers, Kjellander, & Weiss, 2011; Grinsted, Pruitt, Settepani, & Bilde, 2013), thus making these consistent individual differences an important factor in the evolution of a population. Behavioral syndromes serve an important ecological role, affecting species distributions and response to environmental change by maintaining individual variation in behavior and limiting behavioral plasticity (Sih, Bell, & CAPTIVE RED PANDA PERSONALITY 4 Johnson, 2004; Sih, Cote, Evans, Fogarty, & Pruitt, 2012). In the broader context, they have the potential to be a vital core of interdisciplinary studies that connect the ecological impacts of behavior with the developmental bases of behavior and genetics, within an evolutionary overview, due to their nature of variability, heritability, and their impact on survival, reproductive success, and dispersal (Sih, Bell, Johnson, & Ziemba, 2004). Behavioral syndromes have been studied in many species in disparate taxa. In the social spider Stegodyphus sarasinorum, for example, variation in personality within groups was shown to be a main factor in task differentiation, both in a controlled laboratory setting and in a natural social setting (Grinsted, Pruitt, Settepani, & Bilde, 2013). In this species of social spider, the more aggressive individuals hunt prey or protect the web from invaders, while more docile individuals care for young and repair damage to the webs (Grinsted, Pruitt, Settepani, & Bilde, 2013). Pruitt & Goodnight (2014) also demonstrated in another social spider (Anelosimus studiosus) that certain ratios of aggressive-to-docile behavioral syndromes within a population yield different levels of survivorship between different sites. This study also revealed that groups of these social spiders adjust the ratio of aggressive-to-docile behavioral syndromes for the population over two generations in response to the risk of extinction, ensuring long-term persistence in their native habitat (Pruitt & Goodnight, 2014). In a similar study, Sih & Watters (2005) looked at group composition of differing behavioral types with a species of water striders (Aquarius remigis). They created 12 mixed-sex groups with low variance of behavioral traits, meaning males in one group were the most active and aggressive in the study, and the next group represented the next most active and aggressive, and so on (Sih & Watters, 2005). They found that the most highly active and aggressive groups continued to be active and aggressive, but did not have higher mating success as the hyper-aggressive males would drive females away (Sih & CAPTIVE RED PANDA PERSONALITY 5 Watters, 2005). More importantly, they found that a mix of behavioral syndromes within a population is better for the long-term persistence of the population, similar to the findings of the Pruitt & Goodnight (2014) study (Sih & Watters, 2005). Individual variation in average level and behavioral plasticity of exploratory behavior has been shown in wild populations of great tits (Parus major) (Dingemanse et al., 2012). Dingemanse et al. (2012) found significant individual differences in exploratory behavior between several populations of great tits and that these individual differences were consistent across populations. More importantly, their findings support the assertion that this exploratory behavior is ubiquitous and heritable (Dingemanse et al., 2012). Thus, accumulating data support the hypothesis that behavioral syndromes are heritable, found in disparate taxa, and allow individuals and populations to adjust to changes in their environment. Behavioral syndromes have also been studied in domestic species. A variety of behavioral syndromes have been found in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus), but one review paper found the highest validity between 20 personality studies of domestic cats included three dimensions: “Sociable”, “Curious”, and “Dominant” (Gartner & Weiss, 2013). A later study looked at behavioral syndromes across five felid species, and found three behavioral syndromes across 100 domestic cats: “Neuroticism”, “Impulsiveness”, and “Dominance” (Gartner, Powell, & Weiss, 2014). Here, “Neuroticism” is made up of anxious, insecure, tense, and not stable traits; “Impulsiveness” contains excitable, active, playful, and eccentric traits; and “Dominance” is made of dominant, bullying, and aggressive traits (Gartner & Weiss, 2014). In contrast, a large number of behavioral syndromes have been studied in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), with little agreement on terminology and number between studies (Gartner, 2015). One review study focusing on personality in domestic dogs found seven broad behavioral syndromes: “Reactivity”, CAPTIVE RED PANDA PERSONALITY 6 “Fearfulness”, “Activity”, “Sociability”, “Responsiveness to Training”, “Submissiveness”, and “Aggression” (Jones & Gosling, 2005). Other behavioral syndromes isolated in domestic dogs include “Subordination/Aggressiveness”, “Ambivalence”, “Calmness”, “Neuroticism”, and more (Gartner, 2015). Studies have also found breed differences in behavioral syndromes (Svartberg & Forkman, 2002), and some studies found sex differences while others did not (Gartner, 2015). Consistency of behavioral syndromes over time has also been found in both domestic dogs (Fratkin, Sinn, Patall, & Gosling, 2013) and domestic cats (Raihani, Rodríguez, Saldaña, Guarneros, & Hudson, 2014). Studies have also found that behavioral syndromes can impact an individual’s health and