The London School of Economics After empire comes home: Economic experiences of Japanese civilian repatriates, 1945-1956 Sumiyo Nishizaki A thesis submitted to the Department of Economic History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, March 2016 A part of this title is taken from Dr Lori Watt’s ground -breaking work, When Empire Comes Home. I am grateful to Dr Watt for allowing to use a phrase from her book title. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 73,297 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help (if applicable) I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Jonathan Bull, Edward Hickey, Aoi Nishizaki and Jesus Solis. 2 Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to thank to my primary supervisor Professor Janet Hunter of the Economic History Department of the London School of Economics (LSE) for her excellent supervision. With her insightful comments, I have always been able to reshape my thoughts and reconsider the direction of my research. From her enormous kindness and sparkling insights, I have learned to a great deal as a person. Professor Joan Roses and Dr Peter Howlett have also been excellent supervisors and have given me the most valuable comments on methodology. They also helped me to put my topic in the context of global economic history. Dr Kent Deng, Dr Chris Minns, Professor Oliver Volckart, Dr Patrick Wallis reviewed my chapters and gave me insightful and useful comments. Dr Peter Cirenza, Dr Debin Ma, Ms Helena Ivins, Ms Tracy Keefe, Ms Loraine Long and Ms Linda Sampson gave me excellent support for teaching and other activities at the Economic History Department, which all helped my research from wider angles. Professor Lori Watt of Washington University in St. Louis inspired my desire to study postwar experiences of Japanese civilian repatriates with her book When Empire Comes Home , and she was very kind to give me a long list of useful source materials, even before I started my PhD studies. A part of the title of this thesis is taken from the book. I am grateful to Dr Watt for allowing to use a phrase from her book title. About the core source materials for this thesis, Professor Kiyofumi Kat ō of the National Institute of Japanese Literature (Kokubungaku Kenkyū Shiryōkan) suggested I use the national survey into repatriates’ postwar lives which was completed in 1956. Without this source material, I would not have been able to complete this research with a degree of any satisfaction. Emeritus Professor Haruhito Takeda of Tokyo University kindly informed me that the Library of the Economics Department of 3 Tokyo University has a collection of documents prepared by a postwar organisation of repatriate railway workers. He also made a kind arrangement for me to access employee records of the South Manchuria Railway, from which I benefited a great deal. Mr Amano Hiroyuki, the Executive Director of Mantetsukai, a postwar organisation of the South Manchuria Railway Company (SMR), has generously allowed me to see the company’s documents kept at the organi sation. He also arranged interviews with S hōshichi Tabuse and Yūji Tomi of Mantetsukai who gave me valuable information on their experiences at the SMR. Emeritus Professor K ōnosuke Odaka of Hitotsubashi University and Professor Tomoko Hashino of K ōbe University generously shared information on the graduates of the Kure Naval Academy and also gave me suggestions on the direction of my research. Kokusai Zenrin Ky ōkai in Tokyo allowed me to see the employment history of some of repatriate public servants from Manchuria. I appreciate the very kind arrangement made by Chairman Ichiya Yano, Executive Director Hiroshi Murase and Ms Kazumi Fukutomi. In interviews, Mr Yoneyama, Mr Toshiyuki Yoshikawa, and Mr Junzō Tomita also shared their experiences at the Manchuria Electric Company and their postwar lives. The economist Mr Isamu Miyazaki shared his experiences at the Economic Stabilisation Board in the early postwar period and his views on Japan’s transformation from the wartime to postwar economy in two meetings. His bestseller book in 1964 on economics of demilitarisation ( Gunshuku no Keizaigaku )1 sparked my interests in studying this topic. It is unfortunate that Mr Miyazaki passed away in January 2016 before I completed my thesis. At Tokyo University where I spent a year in 2012-2013, Professor Tetsuji Okazaki, Professor Masayuki Tanimoto, Professor 1 Isamu Miyazaki, Gunshuku No Keizaigaku , Iwanami Shinsho (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1964). 4 Satoshi Baba of the Economics Department and Professor Naofumi Nakamura of the Institute of Social Science kindly made an arrangement for me to conduct research as an exchange student, commented on my research and suggested various possible approaches. Dr Jonathan Bull of Hokkaido University, Dr Lily Chang of University College London, Mr Ti Ngo of University California Berkeley, Mr Jesus Solis of Tokyo University, Dr Matthew Philips of the Aberystwyth University and Professor Naoko Shimazu of Birkbeck, University of London kindly took time to read my chapters and gave me valuable feedback. At Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Professor Kent Calder has supported my project and gave me insightful suggestions when we occasionally met either in Tokyo or London. His research on Japan’s political economy helped me to discern Japan’s propensity to pursue political stability, even in the resettlement process of the large number of civilian repatriates after 1945. Professor Arthur Alexander, Ambassador Rust Deming and Dr Naotaka Matsukata of SAIS also gave me valuable advice and very kind support. I have benefited from very kind comments, suggestions and feedback from Professor Shinzō Araragi of Sophia University, Ms Kumiko Demachi, Dr Asuka Imaizumi of Saitama University, Emeritus Professor Kinuko Kameda of Tsuda College, Professor Thomas French of Ritsumeikan University, Professor Jaehyang Han of Hokkaido University, Professor Ikumi Haruki of Tōyō Eiwa University, Professor K ōji Hirao of Shōwa Women’s University, Professor Tsutomu Hirayama of Shōnan Institute of Technology, Mr Edward Hickey, Dr Steve Ivings of Heidelberg University, Dr Momoko Kawakami of Institute of Developing Economics of Japan External Trade Organisation, Emeritus Professor Takeo Kikkawa of Hitotsubashi University, Dr Kazuo Kobayashi of Tokyo University, Dr Barak Kushner of 5 Cambridge University, Professo r Toshirō Matsumoto of Okayama University, Professor Teruhiro Minato of Osaka Sangy ō University, Mr Sherzod Muminov of Cambridge University, Mr Yoshihiro Nakazawa, Dr Miki Nakanishi-Tsubota of Sophia University, Mrs Yōko Morishima, Dr Kōta Ogasawara of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ms Aiko Ōtsuka of Cambridge University, Professor Minoru Sawai of Osaka University, Ms Ikuko Shirai, Emeritus Professor Yoshitaka Suzuki of Hitotsubashi University, Professor Osamu Umezaki of Hōsei Un iversity and Dr Takahiro Yamamoto of Tokyo University. I also thank my parents-in-law Tetsurō and Junko Nishizaki for helping me establish contacts with many of these people. My research has been generously supported by grants from the British Association of Japan Studies, the Economic History Society, the Japan Foundation Endowment Committee, the London School of Economics and Political Science, the Kō nosuke Matsushita Memorial Foundation and the Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD) of the LSE. Lastly, I would like to thank my husband Kaoru Nishizaki for patiently supporting my studies in London. With Kaoru, I have been living in several cities in the United States and the United Kingdom. My experience as a temporary resident in various cities ignited my interests to study history of Japanese migration and repatriation. I fully appreciate his support and encouragement. 6 Abstract The economic impact of large influxes of population is a complex topic. This research contributes to this field by examining one of the most significant, but least researched, examples of postwar migration – the repatriation of more than six million (including three million civilians and demobilised soldiers each) to Japan after the Second World War. One pervasive image of Japanese civilian repatriates is that of the immigrant farmer of Manchuria who settled as a part of Japan’s Manchurian policies and had difficult repatriation experiences under the hostility of local people. However, many returned from other regions as well, including Korea and Sakhalin, and repatriates consisted of not only farmers but also colonial government officials, employees of public and private corporations, and small business owners, amongst others. This paper specifically focuses on civilian repatriates in selected prefectures (Ibaraki, Hiroshima, Kanagawa and