PollinatorsPollinators andand Pollination:Pollination: "SFTPVSDFCPPLGPS QPMJDZBOEQSBDUJDF &EJUPST $POOBM&BSEMFZ %BOB3PUI +VMJF$MBSLF 4UFQIFO#VDINBOO BOE#BSCBSB(FNNJMM Pollinators and pollination: A resource book for policy and practice Editors: Connal Eardley, Dana Roth, Julie Clarke, Stephen Buchmann and Barbara Gemmill February 2006: First edition Published by the African Pollinator Initiative (API). Copyright © February 2006. All rights reserved. With funding from the US Department of State. Acknowledgements The US State Department for financial support, and the Agricultural Research Council, South Africa, for substantial in-kind support in the editing of this book. The contributors and their employers are thanked for contributing to the book and Dino Martins and Elsa van Niekerk are thanked for the cover art and graphic design. Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions of any government or other body represented in its creation, or its sponsors. Design, layout and production management Kapela Publications Management. www.kapela.co.za Produced and distributed by African Pollinator Initiative (API). Contact: Dr Connal Eardley, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Queenswood, 0121, Pretoria, South Africa, [email protected] ISBN: 1-86849-310-5 Pollinators and pollination: A resource book for policy and practice Contents Foreword.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ix Contributors............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. x Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................xii How to use this resource book...................................................................................................................................................................................xiv Chapter 1: Assessment of pollinators and pollination services................................................................... 1 1.1 Assessing the state of pollination services............................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Monitoring pollination services through time (direct monitoring).................................................... 3 1.1.2 Monitoring pollinator services over space (indirect monitoring) and across disturbance regimes in the landscape................................................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Assessing the economic value of pollinators....................................................................................................................10 1.2.1 Assessing monetary value of pollination services in agro-ecosystems...........................10 1.2.2 Assessing plant dependence on pollinators in natural ecosystems.......................................12 1.3 Assessing capacity, resource and research needs.................................................................................................13 1.3.1 Taxonomy..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 1.3.2 Faunal studies...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................15 1.3.3 Pollinator–plant relationships............................................................................................................................................................................16 1.3.4 Pollinator life histories and nesting habits...............................................................................................................................17 Summary of recommendations for assessment of pollinators and pollination services..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17 Chapter 2: Adaptive management of pollinators for crop plants and wildlife...........19 2.1 Conservation measures.............................................................................................................................................................................................19 2.2 Rehabilitation of landscapes..............................................................................................................................................................................22 2.3 Targeted research programmes..................................................................................................................................................................25 2.4 Promoting pollinator husbandry..................................................................................................................................................................26 Summary of recommendations for adaptive management of pollinators for crop plants and wildlife ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................27 Chapter 3: Capacity building.............................................................................................................................................................................................29 3.1 Pollinator and pollination awareness..................................................................................................................................................29 3.2 Education and training...................................................................................................................................................................................................31 3.3 Information dissemination.....................................................................................................................................................................................34 Summary of recommendations for capacity building ...............................................................................................35 Contents Contents Chapter 4: Mainstreaming pollinators into policy decisions..........................................................................37 4.1 The environmental sector.......................................................................................................................................................................................38 4.2 Clearinghouse mechanisms and public access to information........................................................40 4.3 Protected area networks..........................................................................................................................................................................................40 4.4 Biodiversity regulations...............................................................................................................................................................................................42 4.5 Environmental impact assessments..................................................................................................................................................43 4.6 Cumulative effects assessment.................................................................................................................................................................46 4.7 Strategic environmental assessment or sustainability assessments...................................46 4.8 Environmental management plan............................................................................................................................................................46 4.9 Environmental management system................................................................................................................................................47 4.10 Permitting processes......................................................................................................................................................................................................47 4.11 Biodiversity-friendly agricultural practices................................................................................................................................48 4.12 Commodity certification............................................................................................................................................................................................48 4.13 Trade in pollinators...............................................................................................................................................................................................................49