A CRITICAL RE-EXAMINATION OF KENYA’S APPROACHES TO THREATS TO HER TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY BY MARY GORRETY ACHIENG DIANA R50/7009/2017 SUPERVISOR DR. ROSEMARY ANYONA RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FROM THE INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DECEMBER 2019 DECLARATION Declaration by student I hereby declare this project is of my own original work and it has never been presented in part or whole for award of any certificate, diploma or degree in the University of Nairobi or any other higher learning institution. Signature………………………….. Date…………………………………. MARY GORRETY ACHIENG DIANA R50/7009/2017 Declaration by the supervisor This research project has been submitted for examination and the partial fulfilment of studies in Masters of Art (International Studies) my approval as the university supervisor. Signature……………………….. Date…………………………… DR. ROSEMARY ANYONA ii DEDICATION Special dedication goes to God for the guidance and strength throughout my research, and to my family for their guidance, support and encouragement. I also thank my colleagues and friends, for their moral support during the research period and project writing. Lastly, I show gratitude for my lecturer Dr. Rosemary Anyona for the supervision and the advice she offered during the research. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I hereby express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Rosemary Anyona in guiding me through the writing this research project, through her scholarly motivation, guidance, constructive criticisms and comments to pursue this topic. I acknowledge all the support of my parents Vitalis Ogada and Jerusha Ayoti. I equally acknowledge the assistance from my friends Irene, Yvonne and Boffin and not forgetting to mention my brother and sisters who are the main motivators for my drive to excellence. I also acknowledge the support of my colleagues M.A class of 2019, lecturers and research respondents for the successful process of the research. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………...….ii DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………….…...iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………....iv TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………………….......v LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………….…..………………………….viii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………….....ix Chapter One: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background to the study ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of research problem .............................................................................................. 4 1.3 Research questions ................................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Research objectives ............................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Policy justification of the study ............................................................................................ 6 1.6 Literature review ................................................................................................................... 7 1.6.1 Territorial integrity......................................................................................................... 7 1.6.2 Territorial threats ......................................................................................................... 11 1.6.3 Approaches to dealing with threats to territorial integrity ........................................... 16 1.6.4 Gaps in literature review .............................................................................................. 17 1.7 Theoretical framework ........................................................................................................ 18 1.8 Hypothesis........................................................................................................................... 21 1.9 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 21 1.9.1 Data collection method ................................................................................................ 21 1.9.2 Data analysis and presentation ..................................................................................... 22 1.10 Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................. 23 Chapter Two: Major Threats to Kenya‘s Territorial Integrity ...................................................... 25 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Kenya – Somalia territorial threats ..................................................................................... 26 2.3 Kenya – Uganda Migingo Island border dispute ............................................................... 34 2.4 Kenya – Ethiopia – South Sudan territorial threats ............................................................ 38 v Chapter Three: Kenya‘s Approaches Threats to Its Territorial Threats ....................................... 46 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 46 3.2 Diplomatic approaches ........................................................................................................ 47 3.2.1 Negotiation ................................................................................................................... 50 3.2.2 Mediation ..................................................................................................................... 53 3.3 Arbitration and Judicial settlement ..................................................................................... 57 3.4 The threatening of using force and the using of force ........................................................ 60 Chapter Four: Critique of Kenya‘s Approaches to Threats to Its Territorial Threats ................... 67 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 67 4.2 Prospects and challenges on Kenya‘s use of diplomatic approaches ................................. 68 4.2.1 Challenges .................................................................................................................... 69 4.2.2 Prospects ...................................................................................................................... 75 4.3 Prospects and challenges on Kenya‘s use of judicial settlement ........................................ 77 4.3.1 Challenges .................................................................................................................... 78 4.3.2 Prospects ...................................................................................................................... 81 4.4 Prospect and challenges on the threatening of using force and using of force by Kenya... 83 4.4.1 Challenges .................................................................................................................... 84 4.4.2 Prospects ...................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter Five: Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations ................................... 94 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 94 5.2 Summary of findings........................................................................................................... 94 5.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 97 5.4 Recommendation ................................................................................................................ 98 Bibliography................................................................................................................................100 Annexes.......................................................................................................................................108 Annex 1: Letter of Data Collection.............................................................................................108 Annex 2: Consent letter...............................................................................................................109 Annex 3: Questionnaire...............................................................................................................110 Annex 4: Research Permit...........................................................................................................113 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Kenya and Somalia Maritime border delimitation claim...............................................32 Figure 2: Migingo Island map………….......................................................................................37 Figure 3: Ilemi Triangle border dispute illustration......................................................................39 Figure 4: Kenya maps on the Ilemi Triangle.................................................................................44 vii