Prioritising support for locally controlled forest enterprises Duncan Macqueen (ed.), Emmanuelle Andaya, Samuêl Begaa, Mario Bringas, Martin Greijmans, Tony Hill, Shoana Humphries, Barthelemy Kabore, Thibault Ledecq, Tabin Lissendja, Alphonse Maindo, Amalia Maling, David McGrath, Simon Milledge, Femy Pinto, Nguyen Quang Tan, Elvis Tangem, Stella Schons and Bhishma Subedi Prioritising support for locally controlled forest enterprises Duncan Macqueen (ed.), Emmanuelle Andaya, Samuêl Begaa, Mario Bringas, Martin Greijmans, Tony Hill, Shoana Humphries, Barthelemy Kabore, Thibault Ledecq, Tabin Lissendja, Alphonse Maindo, Amalia Maling, David McGrath, Simon Milledge, Femy Pinto, Nguyen Quang Tan, Elvis Tangem, Stella Schons and Bhishma Subedi First published by the International Institute for Environment and Development in 2014 Copyright © International Institute for Environment and Development All rights reserved For a full list of publications please contact: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) 80-86 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH Tel: +44 (0)20 3463 7399 Fax: +44 (0)20 3514 9055 pubs.iied.org Citation: Macqueen, D. (ed.), Andaya, E., Begaa, S., Bringa, M., Greijmans, M., Hill, T., Humphries, S., Kabore, B., Ledecq, T., Lissendja, T., Maindo, A., Maling, A., McGrath, D., Milledge, S., Pinto, F., Quang Tan, N., Tangem, E., Schons, S. and Subedi, B. 2014. Prioritising support for locally controlled forest enterprises. IIED, London. This research was funded by UK aid from the Department for International Development. Its conclusions do not necessarily reflect the views of the UK Government. Copyediting by: Alastair Sarre, email: [email protected] Cover photo: Community forestry teak nursery, near Bandung, Java, Indonesia. © Duncan Macqueen / IIED Design by: Eileen Higgins, email: [email protected] Printed by Full Spectrum Print Media, UK on 100% recycled paper using vegetable oil based ink. Contents Acronyms iii Acknowledgements v Executive summary vi 1. Developing criteria through which to screen different support priorities 1 1.1 Introduction – hopes for an inclusive green economy 1 1.2 A complex socio-economic and environmental problem unpacked 2 1.3 An integrated, intensified and climate-smart solution proposed 9 1.4 A contributory investment framework advanced 11 1.5 A shared process of prioritisation 13 2. Assessing subsectors of small farm-forest enterprises and support options in Nepal 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Assessment of market prospects of shortlisted forest and farm enterprise subsectors 18 2.3 Assessment of integrated impacts of different subsector options 26 2.4 Assessment of support priorities 29 3. Assessment of small forest-farm enterprise subsectors in the Brazilian Amazon 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Assessment of market prospects for particular subsectors 40 3.3 Assessment of integrated impacts for each potential subsector 55 3.4 Assessment of support priorities 59 4. Assessment forest enterprise subsectors in Burkina Faso 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Assessment of market prospects for each potential subsector 67 4.3 Assessment of integrated impacts for each potential subsector 69 4.4 Assessment of support priorities 74 5. Prioritising scarce support for small forest enterprise subsectors in Vietnam that best 79 deliver critical outcomes 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Assessment of market prospects of shortlisted forest and farm enterprise subsectors 83 5.3 Assessment of integrated impacts of different subsector options 96 5.4 Assessment of support priorities 98 6. Assessing subsectors of small farm-forest enterprises and support options in 103 Chiapas, Mexico 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Assessment of market prospects of shortlisted forest and farm enterprise subsectors 107 6.3 Assessment of integrated impacts of different subsector options 110 6.4 Assessment of support priorities 118 www.iied.org ii 7. Small forest enterprise subsectors in Tanzania: an assessment of their contribution to 123 integrated, intensified, climate-smart land use 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Assessment of market prospects of shortlisted forest and farm enterprise subsectors 128 7.3 Assessment of integrated impacts of different subsector options 140 7.4 Assessment of support priorities 146 8. Assessing options for support to community non-timber forest product enterprises in 153 the Eastern plains of Cambodia 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Assessment of market prospects of shortlisted forest and farm enterprise subsectors 158 8.3 Assessment of integrated impacts of different subsector options 163 8.4 Assessment of support priorities 169 9. Critical evaluation of small forest enterprise subsectors likely to contribute to more 175 integrated, intensive and climate-friendly land use in the Democratic Republic of Congo 9.1 Introduction 175 9.2 Assessment of market prospects of shortlisted forest and farm enterprise subsectors 179 9.3 Assessment of integrated impacts of different subsector options 192 9.4 Assessment of support priorities 202 10. Comparative analysis, lessons and conclusions 207 10.1 Introduction – prioritisation to achieve public goods 207 10.2 Overview of differences and similarities 208 10.3 Main lessons on what types of support to prioritise 212 10.4 Policy recommendations 215 References 216 ii www.iied.org Acronyms ADIKIS Action for the Integral Development of Kisangani and the Congolese Central Basin (DRC) AMECAFE Mexican Association of Coffee Production ANSAB Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (Nepal) APILAF Association for the Promotion of Local Initiatives in the Forested Areas of Africa ASPIRO Association of Pirogue Fishermen (DRC) CBHE Cambodian Federation for Bee Conservation and Community-based Honey Enterprises CFUG community forest user group (Nepal) CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research CO2 carbon dioxide COREX Congo Relais pour l’Exploitation et l’Exportation (DRC) DAP declaração de aptidão (Brazil) DFID Department for International Development (United Kingdom) DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo EAC East African Community EPL eastern plains landscape (Cambodia) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade GDP gross domestic product G3 The three rights-holders groups of family, community and indigenous farm-foresters HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IBAMA Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente E Dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (Brazil) IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (Brazil) IEA International Energy Agency IFA Institut Facultaire des Sciences Agronomique de Yangambi (DRC) IIED International Institute for Environment and Development INCRA Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (Brazil) INERA Institut National d’Etudes et Recherche Agronomique (DRC) IPAM Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais da Amazônia (Brazil) IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Vietnam) MEDD Ministère de l’Environnement et du Developpement Durable (Burkina Faso) MPF Mondulkiri Protected Forest (Cambodia) NGO non-governmental organisation NTFP non-timber forest product NTFP-EP NTFP Exchange Programme for South and Southeast Asia OCEAN Organisation Concertée des Ecologistes et Amis de la Nature (DRC) OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAA Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (Brazil) PAIDECO Projet d’Appui aux Initiatives de Développement Communautaire dans la Tshopo (DRC) PFM participatory forest management PNAE Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (Brazil) www.iied.org iiiiii PPGM minimum price policy (Brazil) PROCACAU National Programme for the Expansion of Cocoa Cultivation (Brazil) RECOFTC Center for People and Forests REDD+ reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries RRI Rights and Resources Initiative SAGCOT Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania SFB Serviço Florestal Brasileiro (Brazil) SMFE small and medium forest enterprise SOTEXKI Société Textile de Kisangani (DRC) TFD The Forests Dialogue UN United Nations UNIKIS University of Kisangani (DRC) US$ United States dollar VND Vietnamese dong WWF World Wide Fund for Nature iv www.iied.org Acknowledgements This book emerged from the third international meeting of the Forest Connect alliance, at which many international participants (in addition to the authors) contributed ideas that subsequently were used to refine chapters in this book. Thanks to all involved, listed alphabetically: Diji Chandraeskharan, Peter DeMarsh, Angeline Gough, Sophie Grouwels, Ernesto Herrera, Andrew Inglis, Anssi Kainulainen, Sudarshan Khanal, EangHourt Khou, Davidson Madira, Sam (Kwabena) Nketiah, Ghan Pandey, Vanda Radzik, Leianne Rolington, Alvaro Samayoa, Bright Sibale, Mady Sidibe, Aulia Soebandhi, Salai Thawng, Andrew Topka and Kata Wagner. Financial support for the background papers and the production of this book was gratefully received from the United Kingdom government’s Department for International Development (DFID). The content of this book is the authors’ own and does not necessarily reflect the views of DFID or of the institutions involved in this project. The authors extend their thanks to the interviewees in the eight countries featured in this book, who contributed their knowledge and experience