DECEMBER 1984 VOL. 9, NO. 13 $3.50 IN UNITED STATES $4.95 in CANADA / £2.10 in U.K. A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION 0360-5280 ypl.^C LA-S DIRECT THE SMALL SYSTEMS JOURNAL SoftCard °1 squeezes the,,., Alce out Microsoft`' Premium SoftCard' Ile FORTRAN-80, COBOL and BASIC is the high-performance CP/M® Compiler. board that really juices the Apple' Ile. It also has a new low price. Hard facts on SoftCard. Juicing up the performance of It has a high speed (6MHz) Z-80 computers is nothing new for us. that runs CP/M up to three times We invented the SoftCard and make faster than lesser boards. Plus 64K versions for the entire Apple family. memory and 80-column display that We wrote Apple soft for the Apple II. fits the He auxiliary slot and acts like MICROSOFT In fact, our Apple's own Extended 80-column The High Performance Software BASIC is the Card. So it works with CP/M, Apple language spoken by nine out of ten DOS and ProDOS programs, too. microcomputers worldwide. Microsoft BASIC is built-in, so it's Get the Apple juicer from compatible with more Apple CP/M Washington. Call 800-426-9400 software than any other board on (in Washington State call 206-828- the market: Thousands of the juiciest 8088) for the name of your nearest business programs including Microsoft dealer. dBase II, WordStar' and sophis- ticated Microsoft languages like SoftCard is a trademark and Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. dBASE II is a registered trademark of Ashton-Tate. NbrdStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. THEPart 1: Early History APPLE STORY CONDUCTED BY GREGG WILLIAMS AND ROB MOORE An interview with Steve Wozniak things like that, and basically my career kept moving, my in- Steve Wozniak is the designer of the original Apple computer and one terests in life were changing, and it was too far to commute of the cofounders of Apple Computer Inc. Here Steve speaks at length to Berkeley. I tried San Jose State but I didn't have the time on a variety of topics that range from the hobby activities that led to available and it wasn't compatible with my first three years his design of the Apple Ito current issues at Apple Computer. His frank of college. It would have taken four more years to get my comments and criticisms provide a glimpse into the workings of Apple degree. So I never got a degree. Computer from a true insider's point of view. This is the first part of a I was still an electronic hobbyist. I lost interest in minicom- two-part article. puters during the next three years, because I was doing cal- culator chips at HP and projects on the side at night. I saw a Pong game in a bowling alley. So I went and de- BYTE: We ve heard that you designed the Apple I while you were work- signed my own. I designed the Breakout video game for Atari. ing at Hewlett-Packard in 1975. Can you tell us what you were doing I was just constantly involved in electronics as a hobby. At before that: what lead up to the creation of the Apple 1? Hewlett-Packard we were pretty much just designing inte- Wozniak: I have been interested in electronics and computers grated circuits. all my life. In my high school days, I studied TV circuits and Around that time the Homebrew Computer Club got started I designed about 50 computers on paper, but I couldn't af- and I happened to get directed to the first meeting by acci- ford the parts to build them. In 1970, most people couldn't dent. I started discovering a bunch of high school kids who afford a monitor, so I designed video outputs that plugged knew all about microprocessors and assembly language, and into an oscilloscope and had the oscilloscope draw letters it was the stuff I had done up until three years before in my on the screen. life. My whole life had been in minicomputers. All of a sud- I had also been studying software. I wanted to know how den, I started realizing microcomputers are the same as mini- to write compilers for languages like FORTRAN or BASIC, so computers, and I understood them. I studied and kept notebooks. It was all self-taught and on paper, but I never got a chance to try it out. BYTE: You mentioned that you designed the Breakout game for Atari. I took three years of college toward a computer science How did that happen? degree back when only a few colleges were starting to offer Wozniak: Steve Jobs was working for Atari at the time. Nolan it as an undergraduate curriculum. My third year had been Bushnell was really annoyed because all their new games at The University of California at Berkeley. I originally planned to take a year off from Berkeley after (continued) my third year to earn enough money as a technician for my final year of college. But my career kept advancing. I was hired Gregg Williams is a senior technical editor at BYTE. Rob Moore is a by Hewlett-Packard, made an engineer there, and I started hardware designer and a frequent contributor to BYTE. They can be developing better design expertise. I got into chip layout and reached at POB 372, Hancock , NH 03449. Guide to the Apple • DECEMBER 1984 • B Y T E A67 INTERVIEW: STEVE WOZNIAK and now I could do it in video with my terminal. In 1975 video terminals were designed with shift registers 'I didn't want to pay to use because there were no cheap RAMs. You'd set up a bunch of shift registers and keep shifting them around to send text somebody else's computer, so I to the TV screen. So the Apple I was slow. It could type out 60 characters a second-one character per scan of the TV screen. My motivation was totally to save chips, not to add decided to design my own. features. BYTE: Was the Apple I really a full-blown computer? were coming out at 150-170 chips. He wanted low chip Wozniak: Yes, but its features were a little bit different than counts to reduce costs, and he had seen a version of Pong the Apple II's and other personal computers that followed. that I had done, that only used about 30 chips. He appre- It was slow, and it was text only, but it was a lot faster than ciated that. So he said if we could design a hardware Breakout the teletypes we were used to. They could only type 10 char- in under 50 chips, wed get 700 bucks: and if it was under acters per second. TV terminals were just starting to get 40 chips, we'd get $1000. popular in those days. Atari didn't put us on a time schedule: Steve did. I had to do it in four days because Steve had to catch an airplane BYTE : Weren' t they still fairly expensive? to Oregon. 1 was the designer-the engineer-and Steve was Wozniak: Yes, but I had to be cheap because I didn't have a breadboarder and test technician. any money. I used the oldest, cheapest surplus parts I could We gave them a working breadboard for it. My first design find. Don Lancaster had written an article called "TVTI" for was 42 chips. By the time we got it working it was 44, but Radio-Electronics , and it was the big hobbyist article of the day. we were so tired we couldn't cut it down. So we only got 700 He had a humongous design that used tons and tons of parts bucks for it. and gates, but it was a poor design . I was into tight , clever designs to cut chips down, so I was flexible about the video THE APPLE I timing. I knew from my high school days that TVs are de- BYTE: How did you get to the point of designing the Apple I? signed with a lot of slop. Even if my timing was a little bit Wozniak: I had worked my way up through software using off, it would still work with most TVs and monitors. a terminal on a local time-sharing system. Sometimes I'd call it from work, but I wanted to do it at home. I eventually de- BYTE: So you didn' t worry too much about precise timing? signed and built a TV terminal and a modem so I could call Wozniak: No, I was in a very hobbyist realm. I wasn't design- this computer and play games. I was a true hacker. I started ing a product, just something that would work at home on getting on ARPA-net and accessing computers all around the my own TV. The computer itself used a 6502 processor inter- country. BYTE was the first magazine to get started, and I faced to the terminal through a parallel interface chip called bought issue #1 at the newsstand. a PIA. It could also read a keyboard, so I bought a surplus I didn't want to pay to use somebody else's computer, so keyboard that was advertised in an electronics magazine for I decided to design my own.