Jarkko Mäntysaari Migration to a New Internet Protocol in Operator Network Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering Thesis submitted for examination for the degree of Master of Science in Technology Espoo 14.01.2013 Supervisor: Professor Raimo Kantola Instructor: M.Sc. (Tech.) Zahed Iqbal Abstract AALTO YLIOPISTO MASTER’S THESIS SÄHKÖTEKNIIKAN ABSTRACT KORKEAKOULU Author: Jarkko Mäntysaari Title of the Thesis: IPv4 to IPv6 Migration in Operator Network Date: 14.01.2013 Number of pages: 56 Department of Communications and Networking Professorship: S-38 Networking Technology Supervisor: Professor Raimo Kantola Instructor: M.Sc. (Tech.) Zahed Iqbal This thesis explains the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. Another important part of the thesis is to review the current readiness of IPv6 for worldwide production use. The status (in terms of readiness, adaptability, compatibility and co-existence) of IPv6 in TeliaSonera is discussed in more detail. The most important reason for migrating to IPv6 is the address exhaustion of IPv4. This may not be a big problem in the developed countries but in developing countries the growth of Internet is fast and lots of more addresses are needed. The need for addresses is not only from computers but from many devices connected to the Internet. Attempts to slow down the exhaustion of free addresses have been made but current solutions are not enough. IPv6 will solve the problem by using much longer addresses. It will also add security features and simplify headers to speed up routing. TeliaSonera has started to roll out IPv6 services. At the beginning the corporate customers will receive IPv6 connectivity and consumers will follow later. TeliaSonera International Carrier is already serving its customers with IPv6. It seems that IPv6 is ready, standards have been ready for years and support in devices and software is prevalent. To achieve and keep up the global connectivity, IPv6 is a must and should not be avoided. Keywords: IPv4, IPv6, Internet Protocol, migration, planning II Prologue The writing process of this thesis has been interesting. I have learned a lot of new things, especially those regarding the business world. The time has really been flying. I have tried to continue writing all the time but the writing took more time than I expected. There was really much to read, check and learn. First of all I want to thank my wife Heli for bearing with me for almost nine months of continuous writing which was boring to her, I think. I also want to thank my friends from High School and University for encouraging me. They told me that this thesis will be ready someday when I thought it would never be completed. For more to this thesis related thanks go to my supervisor, Professor Raimo Kantola. I want to thank my instructor and manager M.Sc. (Tech.) Zahed Iqbal for practical help in arrangements and making possible for me to do this work in TeliaSonera. Many thanks go also to Allu Helenius for helping me with spelling and grammar. Without him most of the readers would not understand anything about this text. Last but not least I want to thank my whole team for many discussions and hints helping to write the thesis! III Table of Contents Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….. II Prologue ………………………………………………………………………... III Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………. IV Index of Tables ………………………………………………………………... VII Index of Figures ……………………………………………………………….. VII Symbols and Abbreviation …………………………………………………… VIII 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................1 1.2 Goals and objectives of the Thesis...............................................................2 1.3 Scope of the Thesis .......................................................................................3 1.4 The Structure of the Thesis ..........................................................................3 2 Why to Migrate? ……………………………………………………………. 4 2.1 Differences between IPv4 and IPv6.............................................................4 2.1.1 Addresses and addressing .....................................................................4 2.1.2 Headers...................................................................................................7 2.1.3 Configuring interfaces.........................................................................10 2.1.4 Mobility................................................................................................11 2.1.5 Security changes ..................................................................................12 2.2 Address shortage .........................................................................................13 2.3 Other possibilities .......................................................................................14 2.3.1 Using Network Address Translation ..................................................15 2.3.2 More ideas............................................................................................17 3 Issues to be considered ...………………………………………………….. 19 3.1 Current IPv6 usage ......................................................................................19 3.1.1 Infrastructure readiness .......................................................................20 3.1.2 Indicators of actual IPv6 usage in the Internet ..................................21 3.1.3 Survey Data .........................................................................................21 3.1.4 Situation in Finland .............................................................................21 IV 3.2 Transition technologies...............................................................................22 3.2.1 Dual stack ............................................................................................22 3.2.2 Tunneling: 4in6 and 6in4 ....................................................................23 3.2.3 Tunneling: 6to4 and 6rd ......................................................................25 3.2.4 Teredo ..................................................................................................26 3.2.5 NAT64 and DNS64 .............................................................................28 3.3 Security ........................................................................................................29 3.3.1 Vulnerability assessment ....................................................................30 3.3.2 Transition mechanisms .......................................................................32 3.3.3 Protocol vulnerabilities .......................................................................32 3.4 Current IPv6 support ...................................................................................34 3.4.1 Operating systems ...............................................................................34 3.4.2 Application...........................................................................................35 3.4.3 Networking devices .............................................................................36 4 Status of IPv6 in TeliaSonera ……………………………………………... 38 4.1 Short overview of the company .................................................................38 4.1.1 History of Sonera.................................................................................38 4.2 IPv6 status now ...........................................................................................39 4.3 Value Added Services.................................................................................40 4.3.1 DNS ......................................................................................................40 4.3.2 Address allocation for the customers .................................................40 4.3.3 Load balancing ....................................................................................41 4.3.4 Middleware and other software ..........................................................43 4.4 In the Future ................................................................................................43 4.5 Measuring performance differences between IPv4 and IPv6...................44 4.5.1 Theoretical values................................................................................44 4.5.2 Measurements in Practice ...................................................................45 4.5.3 6rd tunneling method ..........................................................................48 4.6 Teredo functionality investigation .............................................................49 4.7 Migrating an existing network ...................................................................51 5 Conclusions ………………………………………………………………... 54 V 5.1 Measurement conclusions ..........................................................................54 5.2 Why not to use some other protocol? ........................................................55 5.3 Future research ............................................................................................56 References ……………………………………………………………………… 57 VI Index of Tables Table 1 – IPv6 addresses .............................................................................................7 Table 2 - IPv4 Packet ...................................................................................................8 Table 3 - IPv6 Packet ...................................................................................................8