Countermeasures That Work: A Highway Safety Countermeasure Guide For State Highway Safety Offices Seventh Edition, 2013 DISCLAIMER This publication is distributed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in the interest of information exchange. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Transportation or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. If trade names, manufacturers’ names, or specific products are mentioned, it is because they are considered essential to the object of the publication and should not be construed as an endorsement. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Suggested APA Format Citation: Goodwin, A., Kirley, B., Sandt, L., Hall, W., Thomas, L., O’Brien, N., & Summerlin, D. (2013, April). Countermeasures that work: A highway safety countermeasures guide for State Highway Safety Offices. 7th edition. (Report No. DOT HS 811 727). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. DOT HS 811 727 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Countermeasures That Work: A Highway Safety Countermeasure Guide April 2013 for State Highway Safety Offices, Seventh Edition, 2013 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report Arthur Goodwin, Bevan Kirley, Laura Sandt, William Hall, Libby No. Thomas, Natalie O’Brien and Daniel Summerlin 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center 730 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard 11. Contract or Grant No. CB # 3430 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3430 DTNH22-11-D-00223, T.O. #1 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered National Highway Traffic Safety Administration FINAL REPORT Office of Behavioral Safety Research 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20590 15. Supplementary Notes Kristie Johnson, Ph.D., served as the Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative (COTR) on this project. 16. Abstract The guide is a basic reference to assist State Highway Safety Offices (SHSOs) in selecting effective, evidence- based countermeasures for traffic safety problem areas. These areas include: • Alcohol-Impaired and Drugged Driving; • Seat Belts and Child Restraints; • Aggressive Driving and Speeding; • Distracted and Drowsy Driving; • Motorcycle Safety; • Young Drivers; • Older Drivers; • Pedestrians; and • Bicycles. The guide: • describes major strategies and countermeasures that are relevant to SHSOs; • summarizes strategy/countermeasure use, effectiveness, costs, and implementation time; and • provides references to the most important research summaries and individual studies. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Alcohol-Impaired Driving, Drugged Driving, Seat Belts, Child Document is available to the public Restraints, Aggressive Driving, Speeding, Distracted Driving, Drowsy from the National Technical Driving, Motorcycle Safety, Young Drivers, Older Drivers, Pedestrians, Information Service www.ntis.gov Bicycles, Unsafe Driving 19 Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21 No. of 22. Price Pages Unclassified Unclassified 388 i ii Table of Contents Preface to the Seventh Edition, 2013 ix Introduction 1 Purpose of the Guide 1 How to Use the Guide 1 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initialisms Used 3 1. Alcohol-Impaired and Drugged Driving Overview 1-1 Strategies to Reduce Impaired Driving 1-4 Resources 1-5 Countermeasures That Work 1-7 Deterrence 1-10 1. Deterrence Laws 1-12 1.1 Administrative License Revocation or Suspension 1-12 1.2 Open Containers 1-14 1.3 High-BAC Sanctions 1-15 1.4 BAC Test Refusal Penalties 1-16 1.5 Alcohol-Impaired Driving Law Review 1-18 2. Deterrence: Enforcement 1-19 2.1 Publicized Sobriety Checkpoint Programs 1-19 2.2 Publicized Saturation Patrol Programs 1-21 2.3 Preliminary Breath Test Devices 1-22 2.4 Passive Alcohol Sensors 1-23 2.5 Integrated Enforcement 1-24 3. Deterrence: Prosecution and Adjudication 1-25 3.1 DWI Courts 1-25 3.2 Limits on Diversion and Plea Agreements 1-27 3.3 Court Monitoring 1-29 3.4 Sanctions 1-30 4. Deterrence: DWI Offender Treatment, Monitoring, and Control 1-32 4.1 Alcohol Problem Assessment and Treatment 1-32 4.2 Alcohol Interlocks 1-34 4.3 Vehicle and License Plate Sanctions 1-37 4.4 DWI Offender Monitoring 1-39 4.5 Lower BAC Limits for Repeat Offenders 1-40 5. Prevention, Intervention, Communications and Outreach 1-41 5.1 Alcohol Screening and Brief Interventions 1-42 5.2 Mass Media Campaigns 1-44 5.3 Responsible Beverage Service 1-46 iii 5.4 Alternative Transportation 1-48 5.5 Designated Drivers 1-49 6. Underage Drinking and Alcohol-Related Driving 1-50 6.1 Minimum Drinking Age 21 Laws 1-51 6.2 Zero-Tolerance Law Enforcement 1-53 6.3 Alcohol Vendor Compliance Checks 1-55 6.4 Other Minimum Drinking Age 21 Law Enforcement 1-57 6.5 Youth Programs 1-59 7. Drugged Driving 1-61 7.1 Enforcement of Drugged Driving 1-63 7.2 Drugged Driving Laws 1-65 7.3 Education Regarding Medications 1-67 Alcohol-Impaired and Drugged Driving References 1-69 2. Seat Belts and Child Restraints Overview 2-1 Seat Belts for Adults – Trends and Laws 2-4 Child Restraints and Seat Belts for Children – Trends and Laws 2-4 Strategies to Increase Child Restraint Use and Seat Belt Use for Adults and Older Children 2-6 Resources 2-6 Countermeasures That Work 2-8 Countermeasures Targeting Adults 2-11 1. Seat Belt Use Laws 2-11 1.1 State Primary Enforcement Belt Use Laws 2-11 1.2 Local Primary Enforcement Belt Use Laws and Ordinances 2-13 1.3 Increased Belt Use Law Penalties: Fines and Driver’s License Points 2-14 2. Seat Belt Law Enforcement 2-16 2.1 Short-Term, High-Visibility Belt Law Enforcement 2-16 2.2 Combined Enforcement, Nighttime 2-19 2.3 Sustained Enforcement 2-21 3. Communications and Outreach 2-22 3.1 Communications and Outreach Supporting Enforcement 2-22 3.2 Communications and Outreach Strategies for Low-Belt-Use Groups 2-23 Countermeasures Targeting Children and Youth 2-26 4. Child/Youth Occupant Restraint Laws 2-26 4.1 Strengthening Child/Youth Occupant Restraint Laws 2-26 5. Child Restraint/Booster Seat Law Enforcement 2-28 5.1 Short-Term, High-Visibility Child Restraint/Booster Law Enforcement 2-28 6. Communications and Outreach 2-30 6.1 Communications and Outreach Strategies for Older Children 2-30 6.2 Communications and Outreach Strategies for Booster Seat Use 2-31 7. Other Strategies 2-32 7.1 School Programs 2-33 7.2 Child Restraint Distribution Programs 2-34 7.3 Inspection Stations 2-35 iv Seat Belts and Child Restraints References 2-35 3. Aggressive Driving and Speeding Overview 3-1 Strategies to Reduce Aggressive Driving and Speeding 3-3 Resources 3-5 Countermeasures That Work 3-6 1. Laws 3-8 1.1 Speed Limits 3-8 1.2 Aggressive Driving and Other Laws 3-10 2. Enforcement 3-12 2.1 Automated Enforcement 3-12 2.2 High Visibility Enforcement 3-16 2.3 Other Enforcement Methods 3-19 3. Penalties and Adjudication 3-22 3.1 Penalty Types and Levels 3-22 3.2 Diversion and Plea Agreement Restrictions; Traffic Violator School 3-25 4. Communications and Outreach 3-27 4.1 Communications and Outreach Supporting Enforcement 3-27 Speed and Aggressive-Driving References 3-28 4. Distracted and Drowsy Driving Overview 4-1 Strategies to Reduce Distracted and Drowsy Driving 4-4 Resources 4-5 Countermeasures That Work 4-7 1. Laws and Enforcement 4-9 1.1 Graduated Driver Licensing Requirements for Beginning Drivers 4-9 1.2 Cell Phone and Text Messaging Laws 4-10 1.3 High Visibility Cell Phone and Text Messaging Enforcement 4-13 1.4 General Driver Drowsiness and Distraction Laws 4-15 2. Communications and Outreach 4-16 2.1 Communications and Outreach on Drowsy Driving 4-16 2.2 Communications and Outreach on Distracted Driving 4-18 3. Other Countermeasures 4-20 3.1 Employer Programs 4-20 3.2 Education Regarding Medical Conditions and Medications 4-21 Distracted and Drowsy Driving References 4-23 5. Motorcycle Safety Overview 5-1 Strategies to Improve Motorcycle Safety 5-3 Resources 5-4 Countermeasures That Work 5-5 1. Motorcycle Helmets 5-7 1.1 Universal Coverage State Motorcycle Helmet Use Laws 5-7 1.2 Motorcycle Helmet Use Promotion Programs 5-10 v 1.3 Motorcycle Helmet Law Enforcement: Noncompliant Helmets 5-11 2. Alcohol Impairment 5-13 2.1 Alcohol-Impaired Motorcyclists: Detection, Enforcement and Sanctions 5-13 2.2 Alcohol-Impaired Motorcyclists: Communications and Outreach 5-15 3. Motorcycle Rider Licensing and Training 5-17 3.1 Motorcycle Rider Licensing 5-17 3.2 Motorcycle Rider Training 5-20 4. Communications and Outreach 5-22 4.1 Communications and Outreach: Conspicuity and Protective Clothing 5-22 4.2 Communications and Outreach: Other Driver Awareness of Motorcyclists 5-24 Motorcycle Safety References 5-25 6. Young Drivers Overview 6-1 Strategies to Reduce Crashes Involving Young Drivers 6-3 Resources 6-5 Countermeasures That Work 6-6 1. Graduated Driver Licensing 6-8 1.1 Graduated Driver Licensing 6-8 1.2 GDL Learner’s Permit Length, Supervised Hours 6-10 1.3 GDL Intermediate License Nighttime Restrictions 6-11 1.4 GDL Intermediate License Passenger Restrictions 6-12 1.5 GDL Cell Phone Restrictions 6-13 1.6 GDL Belt Use Requirements 6-14 1.7 GDL Intermediate License Violation Penalties 6-15 2.