Invited Article Taiwan Studies in Japan: 1995-2014* Atsushi Sugano** ,QP\SDSHUHQWLWOHG³7DLZDQ6WXGLHVLQ-DSDQ studies in Japan from 1995 to 2014. However, the ´ , ZRXOG OLNH WR EULHÀ\ LQWURGXFH WKH PDMRU present situation cannot be understood without trends in Taiwan Studies in Japan from 1995 to 2014 knowing its background; therefore, I will start with a by reviewing the most important book publications brief history of Taiwan studies in postwar Japan, and I during this period and by discussing future possibilities will move on to the chronological review on the state DQGSURVSHFWVIRUWKH¿HOG1 RIWKH¿HOGGXULQJWKHSDVW\HDUV Taiwan Studies in Japan from 1995 to 2014 can be divided into two periods. One is from 1995 until WKHPLGGOHRIWKHVZKLFKFDQEHLGHQWL¿HGDVD Taiwan Studies in Postwar Japan: Until ³3DUDGLJPVKLIWLQ7DLZDQ6WXGLHV´WKHRWKHULVIURP 1990s WKHPLGVWRZKLFKRQWKHRWKHUKDQGFDQ EH LGHQWL¿HG DV WKH ³(YROXWLRQ RI 7DLZDQ 6WXGLHV´ The origins of Taiwan studies in Japan can be traced For both periods, changes in Taiwan Studies in Japan to two regions: Kansai (with Osaka as the center) and ZDV GLUHFWO\ D൵HFWHG E\ WKH SROLWLFDO DQG VRFLDO Kanto area (with Tokyo as the center). In the Kansai changes in Taiwan after 1987, particularly by the DUHDWKH¿UVWJURXSWRVWDUW7DLZDQVWXGLHVZDV³7KH rapid liberalization, democratization, and two shifts Association for Taiwan Studies (ATS, Taiwanshi LQSROLWLFDOSRZHUE\'33LQDQG.07LQ Kenkyukai), founded in 1977.2 After 30 years, the The task I was given is to introduce the Taiwan original group of around 60 members in 1997 was * 3DSHURULJLQDOO\SUHVHQWHGIRUWKHnd:RUOG&RQJUHVVRI7DLZDQ6WXGLHV62$6/RQGRQ8QLYHUVLW\-XQH ** 6HQLRU$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU)DFXOW\RI,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WXGLHV0HLR8QLYHUVLW\2NLQDZD-DSDQ 1%HFDXVHLWLVLPSRVVLEOHWRFRYHUHYHU\VLQJOHSDSHUDQGMRXUQDOIRU\HDUVZLWKLQWKLVOLPLWHGVSDFH,SULPDULO\IRFXVHGRQERRN SXEOLFDWLRQVZKLFKDUHHLWKHUFROOHFWLRQVRIDFDGHPLFSDSHUVRUERRNVEDVHGRQ3K'WKHVHV7KHUHIRUHWKHERRNVPHQWLRQHGKHUHDUHDOO academic works, not textbooks or introductory books for general readers, unless indicated. Also subtitles of the publications are omitted for the same reason. 2 $76EHJDQDVDVPDOOUHDGLQJJURXSRISHRSOHZLWK$NLUD0RULWDDVWKHOHDGHUDQGWKUHHRWKHUJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWV2Q.DQVDLDUHD VHH6DNXMLUR6KLPRPXUD³7DLZDQ.HQN\X.RQRQHQ.RUHNDUDQRQHQ.DQVDL&KLLNLQLRNHUX7DLZDQ.HQN\X´>3DVW<HDUVDQG 1H[W7HQ<HDUVRI7DLZDQ6WXGLHV)RFXVLQJLQ.DQVDL$UHD@Nihon Taiwan Gakkaiho1R0D\SS6KLPRPXUDZDVWKH SUHVLGHQWRI-$76IURP 54 Taiwan Studies in Japan: 1995-2014 / Atsushi Sugano expanded to 170 members in 2007.3 Its Gendai Taiwan VWXGLHVRQ7DLZDQZDVQRW³7DLZDQVWXGLHV´LWZDV Kenkyu [Journal of Taiwan Studies] was published LQGHHGWKH³5HSXEOLFRI&KLQDVWXGLHV´8 Surprisingly, twice a year since 1983.4 during 24 years from 1945 to 1969, works on Taiwan 7KH QH[W JURXS LV ³7HQUL$VVRFLDWLRQ IRU7DLZDQ were so scarce that academic books regarding Taiwan Studies” (TATS, Tenri Taiwan Gakkai), which was numbered no more than 10, and there were only about founded in 1991. It was formed by a group of scholars 350 articles and papers.9 from Tenri University and Chinese Culture University Taiwan studies was long seen as one of the in Taiwan.5 taboos in postwar Japanese academia, which, on In the Kanto area, a study group on Taiwan the one hand, blindly perceived Communist China OHG E\ .XRKXL 7DL EHJDQ IURP WKH HQG RI V6 as an ideal society, and, on the other hand, regarded From 1978 to 1988, the group was renamed as the 7DLZDQ VWXGLHV DV .07 SURSDJDQGD DQG HYHQ $VVRFLDWLRQIRU0RGHUQDQG&RQWHPSRUDU\+LVWRU\RI ODEHOHGUHVHDUFKHUVZKRZURWHDERXW7DLZDQDV.07 7DLZDQ $0&+77DLZDQ.LQJHQGDLVKL.HQN\XNDL lobbyists.10 However, the 1970s diplomatic crisis of and published the 6 volumes of Taiwan Kingendaishi 52&DQGWKHVKRFNRIGLVFRYHU\RI6XQL\RQ 7HUXR Kenkyu [Historical Studies of Taiwan in Modern 1DNDPXUDLQ-DSDQHVH.XDQJKXL/LLQ&KLQHVH LQ Times].7 $0&+7 SOD\HG D FHQWUDO UROH RI 7DLZDQ Indonesia in 1974 helped shed the light to people and studies in Japan. history of Taiwan, which had been long hidden in 8QWLO WKH V WKHUH ZHUH DOPRVW QR ³7DLZDQ WKHEDFNRIWKHKLVWRU\RI52&'XULQJWKLVSHULRG VWXGLHV´ LQ -DSDQ $FFRUGLQJ WR 0DVD\RVKL Taiwanese scholars who studied abroad in Japan had 0DWVXQDJD WKH UHDVRQV ZHUH -DSDQHVH VRFLHW\ contributed greatly to developing the foundations of DVDZKROHDYRLGHGGLVFXVVLQJDQGUHÀHFWLQJRQWKH Taiwan studies in Japan from 1960s to 1970s. They past colonial issues, 2. Views from the periphery such ZHUH<X]LQ&KLDXWRQJ1J6HNDL.R-LQ&KLQJ/LX as Okinawa, Korea and Taiwan were lacking in the &KDX\DQ7X.XRKXL7DLDQG,RNWHN2QJ11 GRPLQDQW³RQHFRXQWU\FHQWULVP´LQ-DSDQHVHPRGHUQ Although the researchers in both Kansai and Kanto KLVWRU\VWXGLHV$൵HFWHGE\WKH&ROG:DUSROLWLFV area gathered and started forming study groups about 3 $76H[SDQGHGXQGHUWKHOHDGHUVKLSRI+LURVKL,VKLGD$IWHU,VKLGDSDVVHGDZD\LQ<RVKLUR0DWVXGDLVLQFKDUJHRI$76,VKLGDZDV DOVRWKHSUHVLGHQWRI-$76IURP 4 7KHQDPHRIWKHMRXUQDOZDVFKDQJHGIURPTaiwanshi Kenkyukai Kaiho Taiwanshi Kenkyu WKHQ Gendai Taiwan Kenkyu SUHVHQW 5 TATS was originally named as Tenri Taiwan Kenkyukai in Japanese, and renamed in 1995. 6 7KHRULJLQDOPHPEHUVLQFOXGH0DVDKLUR:DNDED\DVKL0DVD\RVKL0DWVXQDJDDQG0HLWHWVX+DUX\DPD 7 $FFRUGLQJWR+DUX\DPD$0&+7ZDVRULJLQDOO\QDPHGDV³7RQHLNDL´LQWKHHDUO\V 8 0DVD\RVKL0DWVXQDJD³7DL.RNNLQR,FKL´>[email protected] 0HLWHWVX+DUX\DPD0DVD\RVKL0DWVXQDJD &KL]XUX7DLQDND7HWVXVKL0DUXNDZDHGV Hakka, Kakyo, Taiwan, Chugoku [Hakka, Ovrseas Chinese, Taiwan, China] .XRKXL7DL &ROOHFWLRQV, 7RN\R0L\DEL6KXSSDQS 9 7KLVQXPEHULVFRXQWHGE\.XRKXL7DL.XRKXL7DL³1LKRQQLRNHUX7DLZDQ.HQN\X´>[email protected] 0HLWHWVX +DUX\DPD0DVD\RVKL0DWVXQDJD&KL]XUX7DLQDND7HWVXVKL0DUXNDZDHGV Taiwanshi no Mosaku [In Search of Taiwan History] .XR KXL7DL&ROOHFWLRQV,, 7RN\R0L\DEL6KXSSDQSS7KHRULJLQDODUWLFOHZDVLQAjia Keizai Vol.100, September 1969. 106HHDERYHSDSHUE\.XRKXL7DL 11<X]LQ&KLDXWRQJ1JTaiwan Minshukoku no Kenkyu [Study of Taiwan Democratic Republic] 7RN\R8QLYHUVLW\RI7RN\R3UHVV Sekai Ko, Nihon Tochika no Taiwan [Taiwan under Japanese Rule] 7RN\R8QLYHUVLW\RI7RN\R3UHVV -LQ&KLQJ/LXSengo Taiwan Keizai Bunseki, 1945-1965 [A Structural Analysis of Political Economy in Taiwan, 1945-1965] (Tokyo: University of Tokyo 3UHVV &KDX\DQ7XNihon Teikokushugika no Taiwan [Taiwan Under Japanese Imperialism] 7RN\R8QLYHUVLW\RI7RN\R3UHVV .XRKXL7DLTaiwan Musha Hoki Jiken [Musha Uprising in Taiwan] 7RN\R6KDNDL6KLVRXVKD ,RNWHN2QJTaiwango no Rekishiteki Kenkyu [Historical Survey on Taiwanese Language] (Tokyo: Daiichi Shobo, 1987). 55 Journal of Inter-Regional Studies: Regional and Global Perspectives (JIRS) — Vol.1 Taiwan approximately at roughly the same time, SUHVLGHQWZDV0DVDKLUR:DNDED\DVKL120HPEHUVKLS Taiwan studies did not attract much attention until began with 233 in 1998, and it expanded, in ten years, 1990s. The turning point was Taiwan’s abolishment to 460 members in 2008.13 Its Nihon Taiwan Gakkaiho of martial law in 1987, particularly the actions of [Journal of the Japan Association for Taiwan Studies] /HH7HQJKXLWKH¿UVW7DLZDQHVHSUHVLGHQWRI52& was published once a year since 1999. The evolution from 1988 to 2000, who gradually transformed the of Taiwan studies accelerated through this human and image of Taiwan, not only in Japanese academia but institutional network of researchers. in Japanese society as a whole. However, it is necessary to point out that this Taiwan’s democratization under Lee’s leadership SDUDGLJPVKLIWZDVJUHDWO\LQÀXHQFHGE\WKHUHDOWLPH ZDV D PDMRU GULYLQJ IRUFH WKDW KHOSHG GHFRQVWUXFW political change. The Third Taiwan Straits Crisis in the negative image of Taiwan studies, which had ZDVWKHNH\HYHQW$OWKRXJKWKLVHYHQWZDV ORQJ GRPLQDWHG .07 RULHQWHG VWHUHRW\SHV ,Q WKH VLJQL¿FDQW IRU KRZ LW FKDQJHG WKH SROLWLFDO V\VWHP ten years after Taiwan’s launch of liberalization and through the implementation of direct presidential democratization, the growth and expansion of Taiwan HOHFWLRQV\VWHPLQLWVPRVWVLJQL¿FDQWLPSDFW studies in Japan reached a critical moment in the late was on Taiwanese identity, which, at the time, was V1RZZHVKDOOORRNDWWKH¿UVWSHULRGRIWKH V\PEROL]HGE\/HH7HQJKXL+LVULVHWRSURPLQHQFH years of Taiwan studies in Japan beginning from 1995, HYHQ OHG WKH 3HRSOHV¶ /LEHUDWLRQ $UP\ WR ODXQFK ZKLFK,QDPHG³3DUDGLJPVKLIWLQ7DLZDQ6WXGLHV´ a missile exercise with the aim of preventing Lee’s HOHFWLRQ7KH KLVWRULF GHIHDW RI WKH .07 DQG WKH WDNHRYHURISROLWLFDOUHJLPHE\'33LQZDVWKH 1995 to mid-2000s: Paradigm shift in cause of this paradigm shift in Taiwan studies. Taiwan studies It was a paradigm shift from Taiwan as an unresolved region of the divided China to a successful From 1995 until the middle of the 2000s can be laboratory of economic and political advancement. LGHQWL¿HG DV D ³3DUDGLJP VKLIW LQ 7DLZDQ VWXGLHV´ $QG LW ZDV WKH SDUDGLJP VKLIW IURP ³&KLQHVHQHVV´ During this period, the old paradigm drastically WR ³7DLZDQHVHQHVV´ ZKLFK XQGHUVFRUHG 7DLZDQHVH changed. The epoch making event that helped propel VXEMHFWLYLW\WKDWKDGORQJEHHQQHJOHFWHGLQ-DSDQHVH this shift was the foundation of the Japan Association academia. Along with this paradigm shift, the focus of for Taiwan Studies (JATS, Nihon Taiwan Gakkai) in research gradually expanded from a part of Chinese 1998. The birth of JATS brought together researchers history to an independent Taiwan history, from LQWRDFURVVUHJLRQDOLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DQGQDWLRQZLGH Japanese colonial period to contemporary history, and network. from economic development to political development. The foundation of JATS created a nationwide network and research activity for those dedicated Below, I would like to introduce the representative LQ7DLZDQ VWXGLHV