Delft University of Technology Upflow gravel filtration for multiple uses Sanchez Torres, Luis DOI 10.4233/uuid:61328f49-8ab8-4da1-8e84-4650bddf9a1d Publication date 2016 Document Version Final published version Citation (APA) Sanchez Torres, L. (2016). Upflow gravel filtration for multiple uses. https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:61328f49- 8ab8-4da1-8e84-4650bddf9a1d Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. Upflow gravel filtration for multiple uses Upflow gravel filtration for multiple uses Proefschrift Ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. Ir. K. Ch. A. M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op 28 april 2016 om 12:30 uur door Luis Dario SÁNCHEZ TORRES Master of Science in Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Valle geboren te Nuquí-Chocó, Colombia This dissertation has been approved by the Promotor: Prof. dr. ir. L.C. Rietveld Composition of the doctoral committee: Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. ir. L.C. Rietveld, promotor Independent members: Prof. dr. ir. J.P. van der Hoek, Civil Engineering and Geosciences, TU Delft Prof. dr. M.D. Kennedy, UNESCO-IHE/TU Delft Prof. dr. M.R. Collins, University of Newhampire, USA Dr. ir. W.W.J.M. de Vet, Waterleiding bedrijf Limburg Dr. G. Galvis, Specialist sustainable development and environmental health Prof. dr. ir W.G.J. van der Meer, TU Delft, substitute member Other members: Dr. ir. J.T. Visscher, JTF Luis Dario Sánchez Torres, Master in Sanitary and Environmental engineering, Universidad del Valle, Colombia. The dissertation was supported by: Keywords: Upflow gravel filtration, multi stage filtration, groundwater, micro-irrigation Printed by: Gildeprint Cover by: L.D. Sánchez Torres ISBN: 978-94-6186-640-0 Copyright © 2016 by L.D. Sánchez Torres An electronic version of this dissertation is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/ Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my mother, Maria Elvia Torres, for all your love and dedication by our education. “Si realmente quieres entender algo, trata de cambiarlo” (Kurt Lewin, 1890-1947) Contents Nomenclature 1 Abbreviations 1 Variables and Constants 2 1. General introduction. 5 1.1. Relevance of improving water quality in small communities. 6 1.2. Upflow gravel filtration in water treatment 8 1.3. Performance of UGF 9 1.4. Objectives 10 1.4.1. General objective of the thesis 10 1.4.2. Specific objectives 10 1.5. Thesis outline 11 1.6. References 12 2. Performance of upflow gravel filtration in multi stage filtration plants.* 15 2.1. Introduction 16 2.2. Materials and methods 17 2.2.1. Approach 17 2.2.2. Water quality analyses 18 2.2.3. Filter bed cleaning 18 2.2.4. Hydraulic behavior of UGF Units 18 2.2.5. Description of the UGF systems 18 2.3. Results and discussion 20 2.3.1. Design characteristics of the UGF systems 20 2.3.2. Operation and maintenance as practiced in the systems 21 2.3.3. Water quality 22 2.3.4. Hydraulic behavior of UGF units 23 2.3.5. Cleaning behavior in UGF Units 24 2.4. Conclusions 28 2.5. References 28 3. Low-cost multi-stage filtration enhanced by coagulation-flocculation in upflow gravel filtration* 31 3.1. Introduction 32 3.2. Materials and methods 33 3.2.1. Set-up of the treatment system 33 3.2.2. Monitoring water quality and system operation 37 3.3. Results and discussion 39 3.3.1. Water quality of the source water 39 3.3.2. Coagulant dosage 39 3.3.3. Hydraulic behaviour of CF-UGF units 40 3.3.4. Removal of turbidity in the operation without coagulant 42 3.3.5. Removal of turbidity in the operation with coagulant 43 3.3.6. Removal of microorganisms in the operation without coagulant 44 3.3.7. Removal of micro-organisms, operation with coagulant 45 3.3.8. Aluminium, pH, colour and organic matter 46 3.3.9. Operation and maintenance 47 3.3.10. Investment, operation and maintenance costs 49 3.4. Conclusions 50 3.5. References 51 4. Effect of upflow gravel filter with fabric cover on suspended solids and E-coli removal and algal growth 55 4.1. Introduction 56 4.2. Materials and methods 56 4.2.1. Filter operation 58 4.2.2. Measurements 58 4.3. Results and discussions 59 4.3.1. Filter operation 59 4.3.2. Effect of filter layers on particles, TSS, and E-coli removal 60 4.3.3. TSS retention in the filter 62 4.3.4. Head loss development in relation to algal biofilm growth 64 4.3.5. Effect of filter fabric in relation to TSS removal efficiency 65 4.3.6. Effect of algal grows on filter fabric in relation to E-coli removal 66 4.4. Conclusions 67 4.5. References 68 5. Iron and manganese removal from groundwater by upflow gravel filtration* 71 5.1. Introduction 72 5.2. Materials and methods 73 5.2.1. Batch experiment 73 5.2.2. Pilot study 74 5.2.3. Procedures and measurements 76 5.2.4. Data analysis 76 5.3. Results and discussions 77 5.3.1. Iron and manganese removal during batch experiments 77 5.3.2. Pilot plant experiments 79 5.3.3. Iron removal under high and low oxygen operation 81 5.3.4. Manganese removal at high and low oxygen concentrations 83 5.3.5. Head loss development 85 5.3.6. Interrelationship between batch and pilot experiments 87 5.3.7. Practical implications 88 5.4 Conclusions 88 5.5. References 89 6. Impact of upflow gravel filtration on the clogging potential in microirrigation* 93 6.1. Introduction 94 6.2. Materials and methods 95 6.2.1. Set-up of the pilot treatment system 95 6.2.2. Monitoring the water quality and operation of microirrigation 98 6.2.3. Statistical Analysis 99 6.3. Results and discussion 99 6.3.1. Raw water quality 99 6.3.2. Treatment performance 101 6.3.3. Filtration runs for different treatment lines 102 6.3.4. Exploring the effect of treatment on performance of the four irrigation methods. 104 6.4. Conclusions 106 6.5. References 107 7. Conclusions and Recommendations 111 7.1. Conclusions 112 7.1.1 The performance of upflow gravel filtration in full-scale plants 113 7.1.2 Coagulation-flocculation in upflow gravel filters with multi stage filtration systems 113 7.1.3 Performance of upflow gravel filtration with fabric cover. 114 7.1.4 Performance of upflow gravel filtration for iron manganese removal from groundwater. 114 7.1.5 Potential of upflow gravel filtration to be used in microirrigation 115 7.2. Recommendations 115 7.3. References 116 Summary 117 Samenvatting 121 Curriculum Vitae 125 List of publications 125 Acknowledgements 128 Nomenclature Abbreviations Abbreviation Parameter APHA American Public Health Association AWWA American Water Works Association CEPIS Centro Panamericano de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental CF-UGF Coagulation- flocculation in up-flow gravel filter CGR Contraloría General de la República CMRS Completely Mixed Reactors in Series CNR Comisión Nacional de Riego DRF Dynamic roughing filtration EIDENAR Escuela de Ingeniería de los Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente FR Filter run GF Gravel filtration HPC heterotrophic bacteria plate count IDRC International Development Research Centre INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre LHFI Localized High Frequency Irrigation MDGs Millennium Development Goals MHL Maximum head loss MSF Multi-Stage Filtration O&M maintenance and operations R&TT Research and Technology Transfer RF Rapid filters RMC Rapid Mixing Chamber SDG Sustainable development goals SSF Slow sand filtration TSS Total Suspended Solids UGF Upflow Gravel Filtration UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Office for Science and Culture UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund Univalle Universidad del Valle PCU Platinum Cobalt Units WHO World Health Organization WPCF Water Pollution Control Federation 1 Variables and Constants Symbol Parameter Unit A Area m2 As average geometric surface area m2 Cs Coefficient of sphericity (-) Dmg average grain size (-) DO dissolved oxygen mgL-1 Dulq distribution uniformity of the lower quarter % E Efficiency % Ep loss of energy in the channel unit coagulation m Fr Filtration Run h hf head loss m hv table of water over the weir m Δh declining water level m J loss of unit load mm-1 k permeability cm-1 L Length m Lr hydraulic jump length m Re Reynolds number (-) Red Reduction % RT Residence time min t time h °t Temperature °C Tm average time of mixing % Uc Uniformity coefficient (-) vf filtration rate mh-1 ε Porosity % γ specific weight of water Nm-1 μ absolute viscosity Nms-² v kinematic viscosity m²s-1 g gravity constant ms-² ρ density of water kgm-3 2 3 4 CHAPTER 1 1. General introduction. 5 1.1. Relevance of improving water quality in small communities and small towns. Safe drinking water supply and basic sanitation, together with hygiene education, are considered fundamental components to improve the quality of life and productivity in human settlements.