Report Concerning Space Data System Standards BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS SUMMARY OF DEFINITION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND PERFORMANCE INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 413.0-G-2 GREEN BOOK October 2009 Report Concerning Space Data System Standards BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS SUMMARY OF DEFINITION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND PERFORMANCE INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 413.0-G-2 GREEN BOOK October 2009 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS AUTHORITY Issue: Informational Report, Issue 2 Date: October 2009 Location: Washington, DC, USA This document has been approved for publication by the Management Council of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and reflects the consensus of technical panel experts from CCSDS Member Agencies. The procedure for review and authorization of CCSDS Reports is detailed in the Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. This document is published and maintained by: CCSDS Secretariat Space Communications and Navigation Office, 7L70 Space Operations Mission Directorate NASA Headquarters Washington, DC 20546-0001, USA CCSDS 413.0-G-2 Page i October 2009 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS FOREWORD This Report contains technical material to supplement the CCSDS recommendations for the standardization of modulation methods for high symbol rate transmissions generated by CCSDS Member Agencies. Through the process of normal evolution, it is expected that expansion, deletion, or modification of this document may occur. This Report is therefore subject to CCSDS document management and change control procedures, which are defined in the Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Current versions of CCSDS documents are maintained at the CCSDS Web site: http://www.ccsds.org/ Questions relating to the contents or status of this document should be addressed to the CCSDS Secretariat at the address indicated on page i. CCSDS 413.0-G-2 Page ii October 2009 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS At time of publication, the active Member and Observer Agencies of the CCSDS were: Member Agencies – Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)/Italy. – British National Space Centre (BNSC)/United Kingdom. – Canadian Space Agency (CSA)/Canada. – Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/France. – China National Space Administration (CNSA)/People’s Republic of China. – Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)/Germany. – European Space Agency (ESA)/Europe. – Russian Federal Space Agency (RFSA)/Russian Federation. – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)/Brazil. – Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)/Japan. – National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/USA. Observer Agencies – Austrian Space Agency (ASA)/Austria. – Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BFSPO)/Belgium. – Central Research Institute of Machine Building (TsNIIMash)/Russian Federation. – Centro Tecnico Aeroespacial (CTA)/Brazil. – Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)/China. – Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST)/China. – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)/Australia. – CSIR Satellite Applications Centre (CSIR)/Republic of South Africa. – Danish National Space Center (DNSC)/Denmark. – European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)/Europe. – European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (EUTELSAT)/Europe. – Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA)/Thailand. – Hellenic National Space Committee (HNSC)/Greece. – Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/India. – Institute of Space Research (IKI)/Russian Federation. – KFKI Research Institute for Particle & Nuclear Physics (KFKI)/Hungary. – Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)/Korea. – Ministry of Communications (MOC)/Israel. – National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)/Japan. – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/USA. – National Space Organization (NSPO)/Chinese Taipei. – Naval Center for Space Technology (NCST)/USA. – Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)/Turkey. – Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)/Pakistan. – Swedish Space Corporation (SSC)/Sweden. – United States Geological Survey (USGS)/USA. CCSDS 413.0-G-2 Page iii October 2009 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS DOCUMENT CONTROL Document Title Date Status CCSDS Bandwidth-Efficient Modulations: April 2003 Original issue, 413.0-G-1 Summary of Definition, superseded Implementation, and Performance, Issue 1 CCSDS Bandwidth-Efficient Modulations: October Current issue 413.0-G-2 Summary of Definition, 2009 Implementation, and Performance, Informational Report, Issue 2 CCSDS 413.0-G-2 Page iv October 2009 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS CONTENTS Section Page 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE ........................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 APPLICABILITY ................................................................................................... 1-2 1.3 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 1-2 2 SCOPE OF BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS .................................... 2-1 2.1 LIMITED SPECTRAL RESOURCES FOR SPACE TELEMETRY .................... 2-1 2.2 REGULATIONS: THE SFCG SPECTRAL MASK .............................................. 2-1 2.3 A SELECTION OF BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATION METHODS . 2-2 2.4 BIT AND SYMBOL RATE TERMINOLOGY ..................................................... 2-3 3 TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 PRECODED GMSK ............................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 FILTERED OFFSET-QPSK ................................................................................. 3-12 3.3 4D 8PSK TRELLIS-CODED MODULATION ................................................... 3-23 4 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 4-1 ANNEX A GLOSSARY ................................................................................................... A-1 ANNEX B SIMULATED MODULATION PERFORMANCE WITH SSPA OPERATING IN SATURATION .................................................................B-1 Figure 2-1 Bit and Symbol Rate Terminology ............................................................................... 2-3 3-1 GMSK Precoder ............................................................................................................ 3-1 3-2 GMSK: Generated Using VCO .................................................................................... 3-3 3-3 GMSK Using a Quadrature Modulator ......................................................................... 3-3 3-4 Simulated GMSK Spectrum at Output of Saturated SSPA .......................................... 3-3 3-5 NRZ Signal Affected by Symbol Asymmetry (η=0.25) ............................................... 3-4 3-6 Bit Error Rate (BER) at the Output of the GMSK Receiver in the Presence of Data Asymmetry; Case of BTs=0.5 ........................................................... 3-5 3-7 Bit Error Rate (BER) at the Output of the GMSK Receiver in the Presence of Data Asymmetry; Case of BTs=0.25 ......................................................... 3-5 3-8 Bit Error Rate (BER) at the Output of the GMSK Receiver in the Presence of Carrier Phase/Amplitude Imbalance ......................................................... 3-6 3-9 The FM-1 Implementation of the Precoded GMSK Transmitter ................................. 3-7 CCSDS 413.0-G-2 Page v October 2009 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT MODULATIONS CONTENTS (continued) Figure Page 3-10 Pulses C0(t) and C1(t) with BTs=0.25 (left) and BTs=0.5 (right) ................................. 3-7 3-11 IQ-L1 Implementation of the Transmitter .................................................................... 3-8 3-12 Scattering Diagram for the IQ-L1 Implementation with 1 and 2 Amplitude Components; GMSK with BTs=0.5 .............................................................................. 3-9 3-13 Scattering Diagram for the IQ-L1 Implementation with 1 and 2 Amplitude Components; GMSK with BTs=0.25 ............................................................................ 3-9 3-14 Eye Pattern at the Output of the Receiver Filter for GMSK with BTs=0.5 ................ 3-10 3-15 Eye Pattern at the Output of the Receiver Filter for GMSK with BTs=0.25 .............. 3-10 3-16 Eye Pattern at the Output of the Wiener Equalizer for GSMK with BTs=0.25 .......... 3-11 3-17 Comparison of the GMSK BTs=0.5 Power Spectra Obtained with an Ideal Transmitter and an FM-2 Transmitter ............................................................... 3-11 3-18 Comparison of the GMSK BTs=0.5 Power Spectra Obtained with an Ideal Transmitter and an IQ-L1 Transmitter .............................................................. 3-12 3-19 Filtered OQPSK with Linear Phase Modulator (OQPSK/PM) .................................. 3-13 3-20 Baseband Filtered OQPSK/PM Implementation Phasor Diagrams ............................ 3-14 3-21 Baseband Filtered OQPSK with I/Q Modulator ........................................................