SOURCES AND FURTHER READING CIIR, Mining: Mines and Independence, CIIR, 1983. Department of Information and Publicity, SWAPO of Namibia, To be Born a Nation: The Liberation Struggle for Namibia, Zed Press, 1981. Du Pisani, Andre, SWA/Namibia: The Politics of Continuity and Change, Jonathan Ball Publishers, 1986. Ellis, Justin, Education, Repression and Liberation: Namibia, CIIR and WUS (UK), 1984. Hughson, Heather, Survey of Nutritional Status and Related Factors in Selected Areas of Namibia, Oxfam, 1986. Katjavivi, Peter, A History of Resistance in Namibia, UNESCO, 1988. Katjinaigua, Moses, "Essential Reforms in Health Services", Internationales Afrikaforum 4,1986. Lobstein, Tim/NSC Health Collective (eds), Namibia: Reclaiming the People's Health, Action on Namibia Publications, 1984. Moorsom, Richard, Agriculture: Transforming a Wasted Land, CIIR, 1982. Namibia Now, Volume 2, Number 1, July 1987. Report of the Education Committee, TGNU, Recommendations for a National Education Policy: Objectives and Strategies, TGNU, 1985. Smith, Susanna, Namibia: A Violation of Trust, Oxfam, 1986. Totemeyer, Gerhard et al. (eds), Namibia in Perspective, CCN, 1987. United Nations Institute for Namibia, Constitutional Options for Namibia: A Historical Perspective, UNIN, 1979. United Nations Institute for Namibia, Toward a Language Policy for Namibia: English as the Official Language: Perspectives and Strategies, UNIN, 1981. United Nations Institute for Namibia, Education Policy for Independent Namibia: Some Fundamental Considerations, UNIN, 1984. World University Service, Namibia: Education in Conflict, WUS(UK), 1987. Additional information in this book has been obtained from articles and reports appearing in The Namibian and The Windhoek Advertisernewspapers during 1987-88. DATES AND EVENTS 1485 The Portuguese explorer Diago Cao erects a 1971 In an Advisory Opinion the International Court of stone cross at Cape Cross. Justice says South Africa's presence in Namibia 1488 Bartholomew Dias, following in his footsteps, puts is illegal. up a second cross at Luderitz Bay. For the next 1973 UN recognises SWAPO as "sole authentic three centuries, apart from exploration from the representative of the Namibian people". sea and some overland expeditions in the south, 1975 New Angolan government grants SWAPO new the country remains largely uncharted by military bases. Europeans. 1976 UN Security Council adopts Resolution 385 1802 Establishment of the London Missionary Society calling for elections in Namibia organised by the along the Orange River and beginnings of intense UN. military activity. 1977 South Africa refuses to allow implementation of 1820's Khoi-san groups move north from Cape Province. Resolution 385. 1862-70 Nama-Herero wars. Western powers form 'Contact Group' on 1876 Boers trek to northeast of the territory. Namibia to negotiate with South Africa as an alternative to sanctions. 1878 Britain annexes the port of Walvis Bay. South Africa appoints Administrator General for 1884 Germany claims Namibia as a colony (German Namibia and re-annexes Walvis Bay. South West Africa) at the Congress of Berlin. 1978 South African Army attack kills 800 Namibian Walvis Bay taken over by Cape Colony. refugees in raid on Kassinga in Angola. 1889 German troops arrive to drive Namibians from SWAPO accepts Western proposals for elections their land. in Namibia. Western proposals adopted by the 1890's German settlers arrive to take over farming land. UN as Resolution 435. South Africa rejects election proposals and refuses to allow 1904-06 Great Herero and Nama uprising; Germans adopt Resolution 435 to be implemented. a policy of genocide. Over 80,000 Namibians killed. 1979-80 South Africa sets up 'internal government' in 1915 During First World War, South Africa invades Namibia. Namibia and forces Germans to surrender. 1981 New Reagan Administration in US introduces Namibia placed under South African military rule. 'Cuban linkage' policy, whereby Cubans must 1920 Namibia placed under League of Nations leave Angola before implementation of mandate to be administered by South Africa on Resolution 435. behalf of Britain. 1983 'Internal government' collapses. South African 1922 South Africa establishes 'reserves' for Namibians Administrator General resumes direct rule. and distributes other land to South African and Multi-Party Conference (MPC) meets in Namibia German settlers. Uprising by Namibians violently to prepare for new South African supported crushed. 'internal government'. 1939 South African troops sent to Namibia to prevent 1984 South Africa and SWAPO meet in Lusaka and pro-Nazi German coup. Many black Namibians Cape Verde. South Africa's insistence on 'Cuban serve with South African forces fighting Nazism. linkage' finally undermines any progress. 1946 South Africa refuses to hand over mandate to 1985 MPC internal government Transitional United Nations claiming it does not recognise UN Government of National Unity' installed by South as successor to the League of Nations. Africa in Windhoek. UN Resolution 566 condemns South Africa for this. 1960 SWAPO is founded under the leadership of Sam South African Army increases its military Nujoma. involvement in Angola. 1961 Legal action begins at International Court of 1987 UN Resolution 601 calls for implementation of Justice to end South Africa's mandate over Resolution 435. Namibia Heavy fighting involving South African Army in 1964 South Africa's Odendaal Commission Angola. recommends establishment often 'tribal 1988 Negotiations take place between Angola, South homelands' in Namibia. Africa, Cuba and the US about South African 1966 International Court of Justice refuses to issue withdrawal from Angola and Namibia and the judgement on Namibia case. implementation of Resolution 435. SWAPO SWAPO undertakes first military actions excluded from talks. beginning liberation war. September 1988: no settlement reached. UN ends South Africa's mandate. South Africa refuses to withdraw. 1967 UN Council for Namibia established to administer Namibia until independence. South Africa refuses UNCN access to Namibia. OXFAM BACKGROUND BRIEFS This series is designed to help journalists and the interested public to understand the complex background to the development issues which make the news. They are not in- depth studies, but aim to focus briefly on some of the key areas of concern. SUDAN mmw®mum "The poor of Sudan starved in 1984, continued to starve in 1985 Mozambique is a country in crisis. Its people have been battered and will need a lot of help if they are not to starve in 1986." by war and natural disasters. Millions are homeless or destitute. ... but they did not die simply because the rains failed: the roots Essential services are disrupted and the economy is struggling. of Sudan's famine go far wider. Yet the country is desperately trying to build a secure and This background brief highlights the economic, political and prosperous future. The Government has launched an impressive environmental factors which have brought millions of Sudanese economic recovery programme and real social advances have people to the brink of survival. International response to the been made since independence in 1975. But any progress is disaster has been dramatic, but short-term handouts cannot undermined by the constant fight against foreign-backed rebels, solve the long-term problems-they merely postpone famine's theMNR. inevitable return. Sudan: The Roots of Famine argues that Mozambique: A Cry for Peace looks behind the crisis. understanding the causes of Sudan's current crisis is a vital first Why are the people of Mozambique suffering so much? Is there step towards preventing the recurrence of the devastating any hope for a return to peace and stability? The report sets famine of the last three years. Mozambique's problems in the context of the wider issues of southern Africa and concludes that until these are resolved Mozambique's development will remain under threat. Published by Oxfam Published by Oxfam 274 Banbury Road, Oxford 0X2 7DZ 274 Banbury Road, Oxford 0X2 7DZ ISBN 0 85598 075 3 ISBN 0 85598 083 4 March 1986. A4,40 pages, illustrated. September 1987. A4,40 pages, illustrated. Price £2.00/$4.95 Price £2.95/$5.95 (plus 20% post and packing) (plus 20% post and packing) ALSO ABOUT NAMIBIA Namibia is one of the richest countries in Africa - yet most Namibians live in extreme poverty. For twenty years the country OXFAM-PUBLIC-AFFAIRS • UNIT" has been illegally occupied by South Africa. Twenty years in which the apartheid system has caused massive misery and deprivation amongst the majority of Namibians: while South Africa and foreign economic interests have systematically exploited the country's rich natural resources with little benefit to Namibia itself. Until Namibia achieves independence under majority rule there is little prospect of change. Yet all attempts to reach a political settlement have foundered on the conflicting interests of the economic powers. This report is based on Oxfam's 20 years' work with the Namibian people. It focuses on their suffering under South African occupation and highlights international responsibility for their continuing poverty. Britain's role in particular is examined and the book concludes with specific recommendations for urgent British action to end the international stalemate on Namibia's independence. Published by Oxfam 274 Banbury Road, Oxford 0X2 7DZ ISBN 0 85598 076 1 May 1986. A5,100 pages, illustrated. Price £3.00 (plus 20% post and packing) BYSUSAN^A_SMITH .