Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 42 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) Robert Kenneth Schulz The Portrayal of the German in Russian Novels Gončarov, Turgenev, Dostoevskij, Tolstoj Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbHRobert. Kenneth Schulz - 978-3-95479-357-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 09:48:09AM via free access 00046799 S lavistische B eiträge ,J. Holthusen ־ f P. Diels, München ־ Unter Mitwirkung von M. Braun, Göttingen W. Lettenbauer, Freiburg/Br. J. Matl, Graz ־ E, Koschmieder, München ־ München ,L. Sadnik-Aitzetmüller ־ F. W. Neumann, Mainz • K.-H. Pollok, Regensburg J. Schütz, Erlangen ־ Saarbrücken HERAUSGEGEBEN VON A. SCHMAUS, MÜNCHEN Technische Redaktion: P. Rehder, München Band 42 ו Robert Kenneth Schulz - 978-3-95479-357-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 09:48:09AM via free access ROBERT KENNETH SCHULZ THE PORTRAYAL OF THE GERMAN IN RUSSIAN NOVELS — GONČAROV, TURGENEV, DOSTOEVSKIJ, TOLSTOJ— VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1969 Robert Kenneth Schulz - 978-3-95479-357-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 09:48:09AM via free access Bayerisch• SM3tsbłWlothek München Copyright by Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1969 Abteilung der Fa. Kubon & Sagner, München Druck: Fa. W. u. I.M. Salzer 8 München 2, Schleißheimer Straße 20 Robert Kenneth Schulz - 978-3-95479-357-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 09:48:09AM via free access 00046799 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter I. INTRODUCTION II. OPINIONS OF THE RUSSIANS AND ....GERMANS Õ I I I . IVAN ALEXANDROV1Ž: GONCAROV . 30 IV. IVAN SERGCEV12? TURGENEV 55 V. FÊDR MIXAILOVIC DOSTOEVSKIJ 102 VI. LEV NIKOLAEVIC TOLSTOJ 155 VII. ....CONCLUSIONS 183 Appendix TRANSLITERATION 198 BIBLIOGRAPHY 200 - V - Robert Kenneth Schulz - 978-3-95479-357-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 09:48:09AM via free access *.< i щ ־ ' ו írWlCV■;■ Robert Kenneth Schulz - 978-3-95479-357-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 09:48:09AM via free access Bayerische j Staatsbibliothek I München I CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION It is the intention of this dissertation to investigate, as thoroughly as possible, the portrayal of the German as he appears in the prose works (drama and poetry have been excluded) of four of Russia's great- est nineteenth-century literary writers— I. A, Gon£arov, I. S. Turgenev, F. И. Dostoevskij, and L. N. Tolstoj. For that purpose, a ll the known prose works of each author were read and examined. In a like manner, per- sonai correspondence was studied to the degree i t was available. Hence, the writer of this investigation pored over autobiographical material, recollections, notes, letters, excerpts, little-known articles, and the like, searching for material in the biographies of the authors in auestion which might warrant or explain, at least partially, their depictions of Germans which occur in the works of a ll four. One might ask why these particular Russian authors were chosen for this investigative endeavor. Actually, it was only after much deliberation, letter writing, and 1 Robert Kenneth Schulz - 978-3-95479-357-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 09:48:09AM via free access 00046799 2 personal conferences that the choice was uiade. While in Munich, this author discussed his proposed topic with Professor Dr. Alois Schmaus, Chairman of the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of Munich, and his own major professor. Dr. Nikola R. Pribii. I t was agreed that although a few articles existed which dealt with themes similar to his own, there existed no thorough, exhaustive, scholarly work which really went into any degree of depth concerning the German in Russian literature. Naturally, in order to avoid superficiality and a lack of insight, one could not possibly hope to master the task of treating the entire role of the German as he is characterized in a ll of Russian literature. As a result, the nineteenth century was in itia lly decided upon, since i t is the author's major period. Secondly, four authors were suggested, in order to further lim it the scope of the dissertation. As representatives of the Golden Age of Russian literature (the nineteenth century), I. A. Gončarov, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevskij, and L. N. Tolstoj exhibit in their writings many of the great social prob- blems and questions of their era. Since Russian literature reflects Russian history to a greater extent than almost any other major literature, i t is not Robert Kenneth Schulz - 978-3-95479-357-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 09:48:09AM via free access 00046799 3 unusual to find evidence oft the problem of serfdom, the controversy involving the Westernizers versus the Slavophiles, the nihilists, German and Western European philosophy, religion, questions regarding the existence of God, and the like, mirrored in varying degrees in the different works of the literary personalities selected for research here. Heretofore, however, no one has attempted an exhaustive study of the German in Russian literature. Whereas one would expect Russia's most famous literary exponents to concern themselves with the injustices they saw in their own society, hardly any significant research has been published which has endeavored to clarify either pro or anti-German sentiments or leanings on the part of Russian writers, whose prose works display ample testimony to the significant role the German played in the evolution and development of Russia. Historically speaking, the German has played a more important part in the development of Russia than has any other foreign national group. The second chapter of this inquiry will provide relevant data in this con- nection. Ergo, Chapter II, as well as this study as a whole, should have some measure of intellectual appeal and value to the individual concerned with the minutiae of German-Russian relations— whether they be of a Robert Kenneth Schulz - 978-3-95479-357-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 09:48:09AM via free access 00046799 4 literary, historical, or psychological nature— since the views of Gonè'arov, Turgenev, Dostoevskij, and Tolstoj might shed a new light upon the whole tormented history of German-Russian relations. Within the overlapping life-spans of these four nineteenth-century Russian contemporaries, divergent sentiments are expressed (sometimes vehemently, in either a positive or negative fashion) regarding the way in which German characters are portrayed in the novels analyzed. This study w ill attempt to document evidence which w ill reveal the whys and wherefores governing the behavior of each separate author relating to his con- ception of the German in nineteenth-century Russian life . The notions of the writers treated here do not go beyond the nineteenth century. Their conclusions may be based, in part, upon personal experiences: German tutors, valets, servants, shopkeepers, doctore, officers, or noblemen whom they actually encountered during their lives; or they may base their opinions upon German Germans whom they met in Germany or in other European countries. The reader should be aware of the fact that, in many instances, the authors dealt with here d if- ferentiate between russified or Russian-Germans and "German“ Germans. Evidence given later in the pages which ensue w ill support this statement. Generally Robert Kenneth Schulz - 978-3-95479-357-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 09:48:09AM via free access 5 speaking, the russianized German has adopted some Russian customs, thus becoming more acceptable to the Russian society of which he is a part— e.g., Gontfarov's Stolz. In establishing German identity, the fact that a person's native language is German makes him a German (in the broader sense) in the eyes of this author and eases the task of having to determine whether a Bohemian Bavarian, Saxonian, etc., is "German.M By assuming such a position, this writer w ill look upon the German as most Russian authors did— the latter hardly differentiated among the Germans they portrayed on the basis of the individual province or principality from which a par- ticular German came. For Russia's authors, i t may be safely stated that there was only one unified German type.1 In conclusion, one might wonder how valid an investigation might be which rests upon sources almost a century old in order to illuminate an area long ignored 2 from the scholarly point of view. 1The most comprehensive scholarly investigation dealing with the portrayal of a foreign group in Russian literature is V. Kiparsky's English and American Charac- ters in Russian Fiction (Berlin: Harrassowitz, 1964)• Another more recently published work is D. Boden's Das Amerikabild im russischen Schrifttum bis zum Ende des 19, Jhs. (Hamburgs de Gruyter, 1968). 2 As far as the German in Russian literature is concerned, only a few brief articles have been written; L. Muller's "Das Bild vom Deutschen in der russischen Literatur" Remter (Hannover), Vol. III# No. 4# 1957. Robert Kenneth Schulz - 978-3-95479-357-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 09:48:09AM via free access J. Matl, in his article,1 "Zur Bezeichnung und Wertung fremder Völker bei den Slaven," deals with the contacts of the Slavs with Germanic, Latin, and Oriental peoples, showing either positive or negative effects on the Slavs. Matl treats in a rather general fashion the relations of the Slavs to such peoples as the Goths, Vandals, Langobards, Franks, Germans, Latins, Greeks, Huns, Avars, Tatars, Turks, and the like.