COVERED BRIDGES C. W. W. Elkin 1841 Charles Dickens visited America and when he returned to England he had some varied experiences to record, often in Ina critical way, of places and things he had seen in the United States. One such experience Iwish to cite here. "We crossed the river by a wooden bridge, roofed and covered on all sides, and nearly a mile in length. It was profoundly dark, perplexed with great beams, crossing and recrossing it at every possible angle ;and through the broad chinks and crevices in the floor, the rapid river gleamed, far down below, like a legion of eyes. We had no lamps; and as the horses stumbled and floundered through this place, toward the distant speck of dying light, it seemed interminable. Ireally could not at first persuade myself as we rumbled heavily on, filling the bridge with hollow noises, but what Iwas in a painful dream; for Ihad often dreamed of toiling through such places, and as often argued, even at the time, 'This cannot be reality'." 1 The bridge in question was one over the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg. After more than a century we can view with different eyes what the covered bridge has meant in the development of our country, practically as well as sentimentally. Bridges are more than just useful structures. They are the familiar and romantic landmarks of our countryside. The first question that naturally arises when the individual sees a covered bridge is: Why was the wooden bridge covered with a roof? Simply, one can answer by asking another question: Why is a roof put on a barn or a house? Primarily, of course, a roof over a bridge preserved the wooden structure from rotting during the summer and from freezing its joints during the winter. Yes, there were other, though less important reasons, for roofing the bridge :to keep the roadway dry, for the floor was often An address delivered before the Society by C. W. W. Elkin, M.D. on March 24, 1958. Dr. Elkin, Secretary of the Historical Society, is widely known as a physician, but he is also an archaeologist and historian. His paper "Remarks on Some Old Cemeteries in the Pittsburgh Region" in Volume —38 of this magazine is one of great interest and is in frequent demand. Ed. 1 Dickens, Charles. American Notes 46 C. W. W. ELKIN MARCH oiled and was slippery when wet;to strengthen the structure ;to give the bridge a barn appearance and thereby remove the fear of farm animals in crossing a rushing stream. The real reason for covering the bridges on top and sides was, as the farmer in New— England stated it, the same reason that women wear petticoats "to protect their underpinning." There were other less common uses made of the covered bridges. They served as protection against snow and rainstorms, as places for town meetings, as assembly and drilling ground for troops (during the Civil War), as background for adver- tising circuses and religious meetings, and as toll houses. But one thing that the covered bridge did that was not welcomed by the farmer with horses and sled was keeping the snow off the roadway. Probably few people of today ever heard of the expression "snow the bridge," but it was common fiftyor sixty years ago when farm- ers used large sleds for winter hauling and fancy cutters were com- mon. Since the roof of the bridge protected the floor, no snow fell inside on the bare floor. To overcome this obstacle to travel, either the driver of the horses or the farmers living nearby had to shovel or haul snow and spread it over the floor deep enough to permit the load to be hauled through. Long before the National Pike came into existence, bridges were built across the Connecticut and Schuylkill Rivers. These first permanent bridges, made entirely of wood, were masterpieces of timber construction. They set the pattern for the thousands of covered bridges that were built from Maine to California. Among the most famous pioneer bridge builders were Timothy Palmer and Theodore Burr. They learned the art of timber construction in New England. The New Englander's skill as a wood joiner is well known. His barns, his wooden bridges are proof of his ingenuity in putting to good use the magnificent virgin forest that hemmed the coves along the coast and lined the river banks. 2 The old National Pike, opened in 1818, created a means of reaching the developing West. The Pike crossed many streams requiring wooden bridges. Over them passed many noted persons on their way to Washington and the East. Henry Clay was a fre- quent traveler on the National Pike. Once he was crossing Dunlap's Creek (Fayette County) on an old wooden bridge when it gave way, dumping the statesman into the stream below. As he was helped 2 Slone, Eric. American Barns and Covered Bridges 1959 COVERED BRIDGES 47 up the bank, he was heard to remark angrily that here was a case where "mud and clay did not mix." As communities developed along the main highways to the middle and far west, the building of covered wooden bridges con- tinued as in the east. These bridges were constructed largely by the rule-of-thumb methods handed down from one generation to the next. Hundreds of these bridges are stillused on the main—highways as wellas on the rural roads from Ohio to the Pacific Coast evidence that the original forests, largely of pine, extended over most of the middle west and Rockies. While most bridges were constructed by local carpenters, the types were invented and patented by wellknown designers who gave their names to the type of truss used. The first American patent for a covered bridge was issued January 21, 1797, to Charles W. Peale, the famed painter of George Washington, who planned a bridge over the Schuylkill River. Other designers or engineers who became prominent in the early days of bridge building were Palmer, Burr, Town, Warren and Howe, whose names were attached to certain types of trusses. While the virtues of the Burr truss were recognized by local bridge carpenters, they made their own slight variations. Although Burr's mode of construction was patented, his rural imitators never knew they were infringing on his patent. Inone form or another his form of arch truss was used wherever timber bridges were built for over the next hundred years. One of the largest and most beau- tiful covered wooden bridges of the early 19th century was Wein- wag's "Colossus" Bridge over the Schuylkill near Philadelphia. This bridge had a clear span of 340 feet, with two lanes of traffic, sup- ported by five parallel trussed arches, sided with evenly spaced win- dows, with neoclassic portals. Itburned down in 1835. The simplest type of bridge, uncovered, was the corduroy bridge of logs where sawed lumber was not available (17th century). In the 18th century a truss was added to increase its strength. This truss was later boxed in to protect it from the weather; later it was roofed, and still later the framework was covered on top and sides. The ideas of construction went back to ancient principles. The simplest and first truss tried in America was the king-post truss. This consists of a center upright or king-post in the middle of the span, with two compression pieces slanting downward and outward toward each shore (an inverted V shape). This arrangement was 48 C. W. W. ELKIN MARCH limited to small bridges because the compression pieces were limited in length. For longer bridges two uprights were spaced across the span and the result is a queen-post truss. By using a cross instead of an inverted V in the middle of a queen-post truss, a stronger design resulted, called a Warren truss. All these simple trusses were already used in barn structures, so the barn builder was right at home constructing small bridges. A short covered bridge is very much like a barn with its ends left open. By the addition of extra diagonal bracing that would tie the upper and lower beams or chords together, such a barn could serve as a bridge. Most wooden bridges are supported by two parallel timber trusses resting on stone abutments. Burr's special innovation was the placing of a heavy bow or arch the length of these two trusses. The arch was fastened securely to the uprights and diagonals that formed the truss, while the two ends of the arch extended below the floor of the bridge and rested on the masonry foundations. Thus, Burr strengthened the truss by means of the arch. The king-posts and queen-posts could not be enlarged indefi- nitely; to strengthen them Theodore Burr devised a series of king- posts combined with an arch. One of Burr's bridges was built across the Hudson at Waterford in 1804, and remained in good condition until burned over a hundred years later. So many bridges are traced to Burr that he is called by many the father of American bridge building. The lattice-truss type of bridge was designed and patented by Ithiel Town in 1820. This type is seen in most of the Vermont bridges. Ifthe bridge was laid out first on land it was made with a slight— arch or camber to it to take care of any sag when put in place an accomplishment that required skill on the part of the builder. Some of the single spans reached well over 100 feet.