State of Coast Report for Kenya (Second Edition) Enhancing Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Resources in Kenya Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources 1 © 2017 National Environment Management Authority Published in 2017 by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Kenya. This publication may be reproduced in whole or part in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided that acknowledgement of the source is made. NEMA would appreciate a copy of any publication that uses this material, or part thereof, as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purposes whatsoever, without prior permission in writing from NEMA. Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of the materials in this document is those of the authors and do not reflect the views of NEMA, Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) or the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI). The designations employed and the presentation of the materials in this document do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Indian Ocean Commission concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The document contains the views expressed by the author(s) acting in their individual capacity and may not necessarily reflect the views of IOC. For bibliographic purpose, this document should be cited as follows: Government of Kenya (2017) State of the Coast Report II: Enhancing Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Resources in Kenya. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Nairobi. 2 Participating institutions Lead institution: National Environment Management Authority Consultant: Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Main Sponsor: Indian Ocean Commission Co-sponsors: National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) Institutions and Sources of Information: National Environment Management Authority Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Kenya Forest Service Kenya Wildlife Service Kenya Fisheries Service Kenya Maritime Authority Coast Development Authority County Governments (Mombasa; Kwale; Kilifi; Taita Taveta; Tana River and Lamu) Water Resources Authority Ministry of Mining Universities (Pwani University; Technical University of Mombasa and Nairobi University) Private Sector (Lafarge Ecosystems; KAHC; KAM) NGOs (CORDIO E. Africa; WWF Kenya; CANCO; Eco-Ethics Kenya; EAWLS) CBOs, Local communities and individual experts For further information please contact: The Director General National Environment Management Authority Popo Road, off Mombasa Road, P. O. Box 67839-00200, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 (20) 605522/2101370; Fax: +254 (20) 608997; Mobile: +254 (0)7350102 7 or +254 (0)724253398; E- mail: [email protected], Website: www.nema.go.ke 3 Table of Contents Preface……………………………………………………………………………………………..12 Foreword…………………………………………………………………………………………..14 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………..16 Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………….17 Acronyms and Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………….22 Chapter 1 : Introduction and Methodology……………………………………………………..25 Chapter 2 : The Coastal Environment…………………………………………………………...28 2.1 Geographical setup................................................................................................................... 28 2.2 Climate ..................................................................................................................................... 28 2.3 Oceanography .......................................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1 Tidal regime and waves .................................................................................................... 30 2.3.2 Ocean currents .................................................................................................................. 30 2.3.3 Sea level change ................................................................................................................ 31 2.4 Geology and geomorphology ................................................................................................... 32 2.4.1 The geologial timescale .................................................................................................... 32 2.4.2 Sediment lithology ............................................................................................................ 34 2.4.3 Bathymetric features ......................................................................................................... 35 2.5 Drainage and hydrology ........................................................................................................... 35 2.5.1 Rivers, catchments and sediment loads ............................................................................ 35 2.5.2 Coastal lakes ..................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 3 : Coastal Ecosystems and Biodiversity………………………………………………39 3.1 Terrestrial forests and eastern arc mountains ........................................................................... 39 3.1.1 Status and trends ............................................................................................................... 41 3.1.2 Drivers, impacts, pressures and response strategies ......................................................... 42 3.1.3 Policy and management options ....................................................................................... 44 3.2 Mangrove ecosystems .............................................................................................................. 44 3.2.1 Status and distribution of mangroves in Kenya ................................................................ 46 3.2.2 Drivers, impacts, pressures and response strategies ......................................................... 46 3.2.3 Policy and management options ....................................................................................... 47 3.3 Seagrass beds ........................................................................................................................... 48 3.3.1 Threats to seagrass ecosystems in Kenya ......................................................................... 49 3.3.2 Drivers, pressures, impacts and response strategies ......................................................... 49 3.3.3 Policy and management options ....................................................................................... 49 4 3.4 Sand dunes and sandy beaches ................................................................................................ 50 3.4.1 Status and trends ............................................................................................................... 50 3.4.2 Drivers, pressures, impacts and response strategies ......................................................... 51 3.4.3 Policy and management options ....................................................................................... 52 3.5 Coastal wetlands ...................................................................................................................... 52 3.5.1 Deltas and estuaries........................................................................................................... 52 3.5.2 Coastal lakes ..................................................................................................................... 53 3.5.3 Drivers, pressures, impacts and response strategies ......................................................... 54 3.5.4 Policy and management options ....................................................................................... 56 3.6 Coral reefs, rock shores and hard bottom habitats ................................................................... 57 3.6.1 Status and trends ............................................................................................................... 57 3.6.2 Drivers, pressures, impacts and response strategies ......................................................... 59 3.7 Offshore and deep sea habitats ................................................................................................ 62 3.7.1 Status and trends ............................................................................................................... 62 3.7.2 Drivers, pressures, impacts and responses ........................................................................ 63 Chapter 4 : Species of Conservation Concern…………………………………………………... 67 4.1 Status and trends ...................................................................................................................... 67 4.1.1 Cetaceans .......................................................................................................................... 67 4.1.2 Sirenians (Dugongs).......................................................................................................... 69 4.1.3 Sea turtles .......................................................................................................................... 69 4.1.4 Bony fishes and elasmobranchs .......................................................................................