SOCIAL THEORY SIXTH EDITION SOCIAL THEORY The Multicultural, Global, and Classic Readings EDITED WITH COMMENTARIES BY CHARLES LEMERT New York London First published 2017 by Westview Press Published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2017 by Charles Lemert All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Every effort has been made to secure required permissions for all text, images, maps, and other art reprinted in this volume. Names: Lemert, Charles C., 1937- author. Title: Social theory : the multicultural, global, and classic readings / Charles Lemert. Description: Sixth Edition. | Boulder : Westview Press, 2016. | Revised edition of Social theory, 2013. Identifiers: LCCN 2016015315 (print) | LCCN 2016016941 (ebook) | ISBN 9780813350028 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780813350448 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Sociology. | Sociology--History. Classification: LCC HM585 .L3936 2016 (print) | LCC HM585 (ebook) | DDC 301--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016015315 ISBN 13: 978-0-8133-5002-8 (pbk) In loving memory of Florence Brown Lyons (1915?–1995), who taught me to think and feel about these things, and thus to read and speak of them Contents Preface/2016 Edition, xv Acknowledgments, xxi INTRODUCTION Social Theory: Its Uses and Pleasures Charles Lemert, 1 PART ONE Modernity’s Classical Age: 1848–1919 Charles Lemert, 19 The Two Sides of Society 28 Karl Marx 28 Estranged Labour, 29 Camera Obscura, 33 The Manifesto of Class Struggle, with Friedrich Engels, 34 The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, 37 Capital and the Values of Commodities, 40 Capital and the Fetishism of Commodities, 46 Labour-Power and Capital, 48 Friedrich Engels 52 The Patriarchal Family, 52 John Stuart Mill 54 Of Society and the Individual, 54 Jane Addams 55 The Settlement as a Factor in the Labor Movement, 56 Harriet Martineau 57 Woman, 58 Emile Durkheim 59 Mechanical and Organic Solidarity, 59 Anomie and the Modern Division of Labor, 62 Sociology and Social Facts, 63 Suicide and Modernity, 65 Primitive Classifications and Social Knowledge, with Marcel Mauss, 71 The Cultural Logic of Collective Representations, 75 Friedrich Nietzsche 80 Peoples and Countries, 81 vii viii | Contents Max Weber 82 The Spirit of Capitalism and the Iron Cage, 83 The Bureaucratic Machine, 86 What Is Politics?, 90 The Types of Legitimate Domination, 92 Class, Status, Party, 94 Sigmund Freud 101 The Psychical Apparatus and the Theory of Instincts, 102 Dream-Work and Interpretation, 105 Oedipus, the Child, 108 Remembering, Repeating, and Working-Through, 111 The Return of the Repressed in Social Life, 114 Civilization and the Individual, 116 Ferdinand de Saussure 118 Arbitrary Social Values and the Linguistic Sign, 119 John Dewey 124 Democracy and Education, 124 Split Lives in the Modern World 126 William James 126 The Self and Its Selves, 126 William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B.) Du Bois 130 Double-Consciousness and the Veil, 131 Charlotte Perkins Gilman 134 The Yellow Wallpaper, 135 Women and Economics, 136 Anna Julia Cooper 139 The Colored Woman’s Office, 139 Georg Simmel 143 The Stranger, 144 Charles Horton Cooley 146 The Looking-Glass Self, 146 PART TWO Social Theories and World Conflict: 1919–1945 Charles Lemert, 149 Action and Knowledge in a Troubled World, 161 John Maynard Keynes 161 The Psychology of Modern Society, 161 Talcott Parsons 162 The Unit Act of Action Systems, 163 Erich Fromm 165 Psychoanalysis and Sociology, 165 Georg Lukács 166 The Irrational Chasm Between Subject and Object, 166 George Herbert Mead 167 The Self, the I, and the Me, 168 Contents | ix Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (V. I.) Lenin 172 What Is To Be Done?, 172 Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno 173 The Culture Industry as Deception, 173 Martin Heidegger 176 The Question Concerning Technology: The Age of the World Picture, 177 Karl Mannheim 177 The Sociology of Knowledge and Ideology, 178 Robert K. Merton 181 Social Structure and Anomie, 181 W. E. B. Du Bois 190 Black Reconstruction and the Racial Wage, 191 Unavoidable Dilemmas 194 Reinhold Niebuhr 194 Moral Man and Immoral Society, 194 Gunnar Myrdal 195 The Negro Problem as a Moral Issue, 195 William I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki 197 Disorganization of the Polish Immigrant, 198 Louis Wirth 202 The Significance of the Jewish Ghetto, 202 Walter Benjamin 205 Art in an Age of Mechanical Reproduction: War and Fascism, 206 Virginia Woolf 207 A Room of One’s Own, 207 Antonio Gramsci 209 Intellectuals and Hegemony, 209 Mao Tse-tung 210 Identity, Struggle, Contradiction, 211 PART THREE The Golden Moment: 1945–1963 Charles Lemert, 215 The Golden Age 228 Winston Churchill 228 The Cold War, 228 Daniel Bell 229 The End of Ideology in the West, 230 W. W. Rostow 232 Modernization: Stages of Growth, 232 Talcott Parsons 237 Action Systems and Social Systems, 237 Sex Roles in the American Kinship System, 239 Robert K. Merton 241 Manifest and Latent Functions, 242 Claude Lévi-Strauss 245 The Structural Study of Myth, 246 x | Contents Roland Barthes 249 Semiological Prospects, 249 Louis Althusser 251 Ideology and the Ideological State Apparatuses, 252 Doubts and Reservations 255 David Riesman 255 Character and Society: The Other-Directed Personality, 255 Erik H. Erikson 259 Youth and American Identity, 259 Edwin M. Lemert 261 Social Pathology / Societal Reaction Theory, 262 Erving Goffman 263 Presentation of Self, 264 Jacques Lacan 265 The Mirror Stage, 266 Others Object 268 Simone de Beauvoir 268 Woman as Other, 268 Aimé Césaire 270 Between Colonizer and Colonized, 271 Martin Luther King, Jr. 272 The Power of Nonviolent Action, 273 C. Wright Mills 275 The Sociological Imagination, 275 Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale 278 Black Panther Party: What We Want, 278 Betty Friedan 280 The Problem That Has No Name, 280 Frantz Fanon 283 Decolonizing, National Culture, and the Negro Intellectual, 283 PART FOUR Will the Center Hold? 1963–1979 Charles Lemert, 287 Experiments at Renewal and Reconstruction 298 Clifford J. Geertz 298 Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture, 298 Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann 301 Society as a Human Product, 301 Dorothy Smith 305 Knowing a Society from Within: A Woman’s Standpoint, 305 Immanuel Wallerstein 308 The Modern World-System, 308 Theda Skocpol 313 The State as a Janus-Faced Structure, 313 Contents | xi Nancy Chodorow 315 Gender Personality and the Reproduction of Mothering, 316 Breaking with Modernity 319 Jacques Derrida 319 The Decentering Event in Social Thought, 319 Michel Foucault 322 Biopolitics and the Carceral Society, 322 C. L. R. James 326 World Revolution: 1968, 326 Herbert Marcuse 328 Repressive Desublimation of One-Dimensional Man, 328 Harold Garfinkel 330 Reflexive Properties of Practical Sociology, 330 Alvin W. Gouldner 333 The New Class as a Cultural Bourgeoisie, 334 Pierre Bourdieu 336 Structures, Habitus, Practices, 336 Audre Lorde 340 The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House, 340 PART FIVE After Modernity: 1979–2001 Charles Lemert, 343 The Idea of the Postmodern and Its Critics 355 Jean-François Lyotard 355 The Postmodern Condition, 355 Richard Rorty 358 Private Irony and Liberal Hope, 358 Michel Foucault 360 Power as Knowledge, 361 Jean Baudrillard 365 Simulacra and Simulations: Disneyland, 365 Arlene Stein and Ken Plummer 369 I Can’t Even Think Straight, 369 Reactions and Alternatives 371 Jürgen Habermas 371 Critical Theory, the Colonized Lifeworld, and Communicative Competence, 371 Anthony Giddens 375 Post-Modernity or Radicalized Modernity?, 375 Nancy Hartsock 380 A Theory of Power for Women?, 381 Randall Collins 384 Interaction Ritual Chains, 384 Mustafa Emirbayer and Ann Mische, 387 What Is Agency?, 388 xii | Contents New Cultural Theories after Modernity 391 Cornel West 391 The New Cultural Politics of Difference, 391 Jeffrey C. Alexander 397 Cultural Codes and Democratic Communication, 397 Henry Louis Gates, Jr. 399 “Race” as the Trope of the World, 399 Donna Haraway 402 The Cyborg Manifesto and Fractured Identities, 402 Trinh T. Minh-ha 405 Infinite Layers/Third World?, 406 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 409 Can the Subaltern Speak?, 409 Patricia Hill Collins 413 Black Feminist Thought in the Matrix of Domination, 413 Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw 421 Dimensions of Intersectional Oppression, 421 Gloria Anzaldúa 424 The New Mestiza, 425 Judith Butler 429 Imitation and Gender Insubordination, 429 Paula Gunn Allen 437 Who Is Your Mother? Red Roots of White Feminism, 437 Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick 440 Epistemology of the Closet, 440 PART SIX Global Realities in an Uncertain Future Charles Lemert, 443 Global Uncertainties 460 Immanuel Wallerstein 460 The Modern World-System in Crisis, 460 Stanley Hoffman 462 The Clash of Globalizations, 462 Zygmunt Bauman 466 Liquid Modernity, 467 David Harvey 469 Neoliberalism on Trial, 470 Manuel Castells 471 Informationalism and Networks, 472 Saskia Sassen 473 Toward a Feminist Analytics of the Global Economy, 473 Amartya Sen 477 Asian Values and the West’s Claims to Uniqueness,