ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: A CASE OF MASHA TOWN, SOUTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA MSc THESIS BY KIBRALEM KEBEDE WODAJO AUGUST, 2017 ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA 1 ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: A CASE OF MASHA TOWN, SOUTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA BY KIBRALEM KEBEDE WODAJO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY AUGUST, 2017 ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this MSc thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University, and all sources of material used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. Name: KIBRALM KEBEDE WODAJO Signature: _____________________________________ Date: __________________________________________ iii ADVISOR’S THESIS SUBMISSION APPROVAL SHEET SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY This is to certify that the thesis entitled “ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: A CASE OF MASHA TOWN, SOUTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA,” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s with specialization in BIOLOGY, Department of BIOLOGY, and has been carried out by KIBRALEM KEBEDE Id. No MSc/047/06, under my supervision. Therefore, I confirm that the student has fulfilled the requirements and hence hereby recommend that the student can submit the thesis to the department for public defense. Name of advisor: Simon Shibru (PhD) Signature___________Date_________ iv EXAMINERS’ THESIS APPROVAL SHEET SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY We, the undersigned, members of the Board of Examiners of the final open defense by KIBRALEM KEBEDE have read and evaluated his thesis entitled “ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: A CASE OF MASHA TOWN, SOUTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA”, and examined the candidate’s oral presentation. This is, therefore, to certify that the thesis has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology. Name of the Chairperson_______________________Signature__________Date_____ Name of Advisor___________________ _________Signature_________ _Date______ Name of Internal Examiner ________________ __ __Signature __________Date______ Name of External Examiner__________________ __ Signature_________ _Date_______ School of Graduate Studies___________________ __Signature___________ Date_______ Stamp of the Department________________________ Date____________ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express the deepest gratitude to almighty God for giving me time and peaceful life. Next to almighty God, I would like to express the deepest gratitude to Virgin Mary, mother of God, the golden censer which didst bear the coal of fire which the blessed took from the Sanctuary, Ask for Us. I would like to thank Dr. Simon Shibru, my advisor for his encouragements, industrious supervision, scientific guidance, keen advice and unreserved professional support, critical follow-up and very interesting comments that is important to improve my work from proposal to the accomplishment of this work. Arba Minch University, College of Natural Sciences and Department of Biology are grateful for giving me this opportunity. I would also like to acknowledge with gratitude Masha municipality staff members for their significant contributions and assistance in the course of this study. I would like to thanks to my brother Kibrom Kebede whose creativity and initiative fill my heart with brightness and the hard times he gave me to think beyond. I forward my heartfelt gratitude to my lovely wife, Merawit Kifle for his moral support. My thanks also go to my father and my mother for their financial and moral support. Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge all informants and my relatives who Spend their time and sharing their insights with me. vi ACRONYMS CSA Central Statistical Agency DSWGR Daily Solid Waste Generation Rate HHs Households ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management MSEs Micro and Small Enterprises MMPD Masha Master Plan Document NEMA National Environmental Management Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organizations PCPDSWGR Per Capita per Day Solid Waste Generation Rate SNNPR South Nation Nationality Peoples Regions SW Solid Waste SWM Solid Waste Management UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlement USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WASET World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology WHO World Health Organization vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... VI ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................... VII TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................VIII LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................................... XII LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................XIII ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................XIV CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 1 1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ......................................................................................... 2 1.3. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY ...................................................................................................... 3 1.3.1. General Objective ................................................................................................... 3 1.3.2. Specific Objectives ................................................................................................. 3 1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS.................................................................................................... 4 1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................... 4 1.6. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY .......................................................................... 4 1.7. DEFINITION AND GENERAL CONCEPTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTS ...................... 5 1.8. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS ....................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ...........................................................................8 2.1. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FROM THE WORLD AND CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE .................................................................................................................. 8 2.2. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN ETHIOPIA .................................................... 8 2.3. SOURCE AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES ......................................................................... 10 2.4. SOLID WASTE GENERATION, CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPOSITIONS........................... 11 2.5. FACTOR INFLUENCING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ETHIOPIA ............................... 13 2.5.1. Management factors .............................................................................................. 13 2.5.2. Lack of skills, knowledge and equipment in solid waste management ................ 14 viii 2.5.3. Lack of Policy Enforcement and Responsibility .................................................. 14 2.5.4. Risks and problems associated with solid waste................................................... 14 2.6. COMPONENTS OF GOOD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ................................... 15 2.6.1. Waste Recycling and Reuse .................................................................................. 16 2.6.2. Composting ........................................................................................................... 16 2.6.3. Incineration ........................................................................................................... 17 2.6.4. Land filling............................................................................................................ 17 2.6.5. Anaerobic Digestion ............................................................................................. 18 2.7. FUTURE PROSPECTIVE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ........ 19 2.7.1. Communication among Stakeholder ..................................................................... 19 2.7.2. Local leaders ......................................................................................................... 19 2.7.3. Empowerment/ Sense of ownership...................................................................... 19 2.7.4. Private sector involvement.................................................................................... 20 2.7.5. Public awareness, cooperation and participation .................................................. 20 2.8. COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNITY AND ORGANIZATION ...... 20 2.8.1. Community Awareness ......................................................................................... 21 2.8.2. Role of Women ..................................................................................................... 21 2.8.4. Information