Emiliano J. Buis (editors) Emiliano J. Morten Bergsmo and Publication Series No. 34 (2018): Editors of this volume: Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law: Morten Bergsmo is Director of the Cen- Correlating Thinkers tre for International Law Research and Policy Morten Bergsmo and Emiliano J. Buis (editors) (CILRAP). Emiliano J. Buis is Professor at the Facul- This fi rst volume in the series ‘Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal tad de Derecho and the Facultad de Filosofía Law’ correlates the writings of leading philosophers with international criminal law. y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and The chapters discuss thinkers such as Plato, Cicero, Ulpian, Aquinas, Grotius, Hobbes, holds several teaching and research positions Locke, Vattel, Kant, Bentham, Hegel, Durkheim, Gandhi, Kelsen, Wittgenstein, Lemkin, at other academic institutions in Argentina. Arendt and Foucault. The book does not develop or promote a particular philosophy or theory of international criminal law. Rather, it sees philosophy of international The Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher Thinkers Correlating of International Criminal Law: Philosophical Foundations (TOAEP) furthers the objective of excellence criminal law as a discourse space, which includes a) correlational or historical, b) in research, scholarship and education by pub- conceptual or analytical, and c) interest- or value-based approaches. The sister-vol- lishing worldwide in print and through the umes Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law: Foundational Concepts and Internet. As a non-profi t publisher, it is fi rmly Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law: Legally Protected Interests seek to committed to open access publishing. address b) and c). TOAEP is named after late Professor Torkel Opsahl (1931–1993), a leading interna- Among the authors in this book are Madan B. Lokur, Gregory S. Gordon, Pe- tional and constitutional law expert in Europe dro Lopez Barja de Quiroga, Kaius Tuori, Hanne Sophie Greve, Tallyn Gray, Pablo in the period from the mid-1960s until his Kalmanovitz, Juan Paulo Branco Lopez, Daniel N. Clay, Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina, untimely passing in 1993. He was one of the Alexander Heinze, Gunnar Ekeløve-Slydal, Sergio Dellavalle, Carlos Augusto Canedo early pillars of the human rights systems of the Gonçalves da Silva, Aléxia Alvim Machado Faria, Abraham Joseph, Jochen von Bern- United Nations and the Council of Europe. storff, Jaroslav Větrovský, Mark Drumbl, Djordje Djordjević, Nora Helene Bergsmo and the editors. ISBNs: 978-82-8348-117-4 (print) and 978-82-8348-118-1 (e-book). Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law: Above: Painting of Professor Torkel Opsahl by Front cover: The cut stem of a fi r tree in the the Italian artist Roberto Caruso. Correlating Thinkers forest around Vallombrosa Abbey in Reggello, in Morten Bergsmo and Emiliano J. Buis (editors) the Apennines east of Florence. The monastery Back cover: The forest fl oor covered by a deep was founded in 1038, and is surrounded by deep blanket of leaves from past seasons, in the pro- forests tended over several centuries. The con- tected forests around Camaldoli Monastery in the centric rings show the accumulating age of the Apennines east of Florence. Old leaves nourish tree, here symbolising how thought expands and new sprouts and growth: the new grows out of accumulates over time, and how lines or schools the old. We may see this as a metaphor for how of thought are interconnected and cut through thinkers of the past offer an attractive terrain to periods. explore, and may nourish contemporary founda- Photograph: © CILRAP, 2017. tional analysis. Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher Photograph: © CILRAP 2017. E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.toaep.org The dust jacket is designed by LIAO Wan-Ting. PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/7bea87/ E-Offprint: Gregory S. Gordon, “Transnational Governmentality Networking: A Neo- Foucauldian Account of International Criminal Law”, in Morten Bergsmo and Emili- ano J. Buis (editors), Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law: Correlating Thinkers, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, Brussels, 2018 (ISBNs: 978-82-8348-117-4 (print) and 978-82-8348-118-1 (e-book)). This publication was first published on 30 November 2018. TOAEP publications may be openly accessed and downloaded through the web site www.toaep.org which uses Persistent URLs (PURLs) for all publications it makes available. These PURLs will not be changed and can thus be cited. Printed copies may be ordered through online distributors such as www.amazon.co.uk. This e-offprint is also available in the Legal Tools Database under PURL http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/7bea87/. © Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2018. All rights are reserved. Front cover: The cut stem of a fir tree in the forest around Vallombrosa Abbey in Reggello, in the Apennines east of Florence. The monastery was founded in 1038, and is surrounded by deep forests tended over several centuries. The concentric rings show the accumulating age of the tree, here symbolising how thought expands and accumulates over time, and how lines or schools of thought are interconnected and cut through periods. Photograph: © CILRAP, 2017. Back cover: The forest floor covered by a deep blanket of leaves from past seasons, in the protected forests around Camaldoli Monastery in the Apennines east of Florence. Old leaves nourish new sprouts and growth: the new grows out of the old. We may see this as a metaphor for how thinkers of the past offer an attractive terrain to explore and may nourish contempo- rary foundational analysis. Photograph: © CILRAP, 2017. PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/7bea87/ 20 ______ 20. Transnational Governmentality Networking: A Neo-Foucauldian Account of International Criminal Law Gregory S. Gordon* 20.1. Introduction Conventional accounts of the genesis of international criminal law em- phasise the desire to hold individuals accountable for atrocities and grave breaches rather than let them hide behind the veil of the State. But a vein of important scholarship relying on the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault has called this conclusion into question. Far from view- ing international criminal law as a crusade to end impunity for mass atroc- ity via individual responsibility, this body of scholarship perceives it in- stead as a product of more sinister and less visible forces – globalisation arising from nation-States and multinational private interests seeking maintenance of institutional order on a supranational scale. This scholar- ship typically offers philosophical support for its critique of international criminal law by citing Foucault’s seminal work Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, for the proposition that international criminal law actors create a “political economy” of punishment, bureaucratising and routinising it, and thereby normatively ingraining it into an emerging globalised social body. This strain of thinking seizes on one of the central * Gregory S. Gordon is Professor and formerly served as Associate Dean (Development/ External Affairs) and Director of the Ph.D.–M.Phil. Programme at the Faculty of Law, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK Law). Before joining the legal academy, he served as a prosecutor with the United States Department of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Professor Gordon is also a Research Fellow at the Centre for International Law Research and Policy (CILRAP). In 2017, his book Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition (Oxford University Press), which coined a new term for the law related to hate speech in international criminal law, proposed a paradigm shift in the field with introduction of the “Unified Liability Theory for Atrocity Speech Law”. His Senior Honours Thesis at the University of California at Berkeley was on the metaphysics of Michel Foucault’s “History of Sexuality”. He would like to thank Michael B. Lopez, Esq., for his research assistance on this project. Publication Series No. 34 (2018) – page 675 PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/7bea87/ Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law: Correlating Thinkers tenets in Foucault’s philosophy, the notion of ‘disciplinary power’, and reductively translates it into a naked exercise of institutional ‘control’ over individuals at the supranational level. Seen from this narrow perspective, international criminal law merely represents an extension of statist coer- cion on a collective scale. This chapter takes issue with this Foucauldian interpretation of in- ternational criminal law. Rather than treating ‘power’ in the international criminal law context negatively, as a function of coercion, it turns to the later development of Foucault’s thought emphasising power as ‘govern- mentality’. Governmentality may be roughly translated as a non- disciplinary form of power arising from an amalgamation of institutions, procedures, analyses, reflections, calculations, and tactics that permit gov- ernance over a population. Although it may have certain resonances and interactions with Foucault’s earlier notions of sovereignty and discipline, governmentality is more about large-scale demographic techniques that form an overall macrophysics of power concentrated on assuring security for populations. This chapter will demonstrate that, pursuant to this interpretation of Foucault, modern international criminal law has developed not as an as- siduous strategy for maintaining supranational