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TECHNICAL REPORT Working with Allies and Partners A Cost-Based Analysis of U.S. Air Forces in Europe Jennifer D. P. Moroney • Patrick Mills • David T. Orletsky • David E. Thaler Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public release; distribution unlimited PROJECT AIR FORCE The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract FA7014-06-C-0001. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Control Number: 2012950847 ISBN: 978-0-8330-7625-0 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2012 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/ permissions.html). Published 2012 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface The U.S. Air Force conducts multiple security cooperation–building partner activities in Europe. These activities can be expensive, and a question is whether alternative ways exist to carry out these activities, possibly at less cost. This research will assist Air Force and particu- larly U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) leadership in assessing and costing alternative means of conducting security cooperation and maintaining relationships with allies and partners in the U.S. European Command (EUCOM) area of responsibility (AOR) with forward-based forces. The assessment uses actual cost data and assesses specific proposals for alternative means of and postures for conducting building-partnership (BP) activities with partner air forces in the USAFE AOR. The report’s findings will help the Air Force and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate these proposals and BP activities within the context of those proposals. The report is intended for USAFE and DoD but will be of interest to decisionmakers in security cooperation and related fields. Other RAND Project AIR FORCE documents that address security cooperation and BP issues include the following: • Jennifer D. P. Moroney, Kim Cragin, Eric Stephen Gons, Beth Grill, John E. Peters, and Rachel M. Swanger, International Cooperation with Partner Air Forces, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MG-790-AF, 2009 • Jennifer D. P. Moroney, Joe Hogler, Jefferson P. Marquis, Christopher Paul, John E. Peters, and Beth Grill, Developing an Assessment Framework for U.S. Air Force Building Partnerships Programs, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MG-868-AF, 2010. The research reported here was sponsored by USAFE Plans and Requirements Interna- tional (A5I) and conducted within the Strategy and Doctrine Program of RAND Project AIR FORCE as part of a fiscal year 2011 study, “Cost-Based Analysis of the BP Mission Performed by Forward-Based Forces in Europe.” RAND Project AIR FORCE RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF), a division of the RAND Corporation, is the U.S. Air Force’s federally funded research and development center for studies and analyses. PAF pro- vides the Air Force with independent analyses of policy alternatives affecting the development, employment, combat readiness, and support of current and future air, space, and cyber forces. Research is conducted in four programs: Force Modernization and Employment; Manpower, Personnel, and Training; Resource Management; and Strategy and Doctrine. iii iv Working with Allies and Partners: A Cost-Based Analysis of U.S. Air Forces in Europe Additional information about PAF is available on our website: http://www.rand.org/paf/ Contents Preface ........................................................................................................... iii Figures ...........................................................................................................vii Tables ............................................................................................................ xi Summary .......................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ xxi Abbreviations ................................................................................................ xxiii CHAPTER ONE Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 U.S. Air Forces in Europe Faces Diverse Challenges in Building Partnerships in the Area of Responsibility ................................................................................................ 2 Study Objectives and Research Approach ..................................................................... 4 Study Objectives ............................................................................................... 4 Research Approach ............................................................................................ 4 Organization of This Report .................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO The Partnership-Building Role of U.S. Air Forces in Europe .......................................... 7 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 7 The Debate About Force Posture, Security Cooperation, and Building Partnerships in Europe ....... 7 All Six Wings of U.S. Air Forces in Europe Engage in Activities to Build Partnerships ................ 9 U.S. Air Forces in Europe Recorded 545 Events in a Year of Collecting Data on Building Partnerships .................................................................................................10 Wing Interviews and Surveys Provided a More Comprehensive Picture of Efforts by U.S. Air Forces in Europe to Build Partnerships..................................................................13 Mission .........................................................................................................14 Training ........................................................................................................18 Operational Impact .......................................................................................... 20 Resources ..................................................................................................... 22 Access .......................................................................................................... 23 Summary Observations About Building Partnerships in Europe .........................................25 CHAPTER THREE Cost Analysis of Alternative Force Postures ..............................................................29 Introduction .....................................................................................................29 Analytical Approach ............................................................................................29