Liminal Monster and the Conflict Between Human and Machine: The Shrike in Dan Simmons’ Hyperion and The Fall of Hyperion Anna-Liisa Auramo Master’s Thesis University of Turku School of Languages and Translation Studies English; English Philology August 2013 The originality of this dissertation has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service. TURUN YLIOPISTO Kieli- ja käännöstieteiden laitos / Humanistinen tiedekunta AURAMO, ANNA-LIISA : Liminal Monster and the Conflict Between Human and Machine: The Shrike in Dan Simmons’ Hyperion and The Fall of Hyperion Pro gradu –tutkielma, 66 s., 7 liites. Englannin kieli, englantilainen filologia Elokuu 2013 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tarkastelen tutkielmassani Dan Simmonsin kaksiosaista tieteisfiktioteosta, joka koostuu romaaneista Hyperion ja The Fall of Hyperion. Keskityn teoksissa esiintyvään Shrike-hirviöön, joka edustaa ihmiskunnan pelkäämää potentiaalista konfliktia ihmisten ja koneiden välillä. Pelko ja konflikti ovat keskeisiä teemoja paitsi tieteisfiktiossa, myös hirviöteoksissa yleensä, ja näiden kahden käyttö samassa kertomuksessa luo otolliset edellytykset nyky-yhteiskunnan ahdistusten kuvaamiseen. Hirviöitä ja tieteisfiktiota on tätä nykyä tutkittu melko laajalti, mutta Shrike on aiemmin jäänyt vähälle huomiolle. Lähtökohtaisen teoreettisen viitekehyksen tutkimukselleni ovat luoneet Jeffrey Cohenin Monster Theory: Reading Culture, Stephen Asman On Monsters: An Unnatural History of Our Worst Fears sekä Holly Lynn Baumgartnerin ja Roger Davisin At the Interface: Hosting the Monster. Teoksista kokoamani hirviöteorian kautta tarkastelen sitä, miten Shriken puoliksi orgaaninen ja puoliksi keinotekoinen keho heijastaa niitä romaaneissa esiintyviä osa-alueita, joista tulevaisuudenpelko ja ihmisten ja koneiden väliseen konfliktin uhka koostuu. Koska Shrike on puoliksi orgaaninen ja puoliksi keinotekoinen, se on näiden ominaisuuksien kynnyksellä; tässä risteytyneessä kehossa yhdistyvät molemmat ääripäät, jolloin tämä keho myös symboloi osapuolten välistä konfliktia. Konfliktin lisäksi Shrike ilmentää niitä vastakkaisuuksia, joista ihmisten ja koneiden välisen konfliktin pelko rakentuu: itseyttä ja toiseutta, houkuttelevuutta ja luotaantyöntävyyttä, menneisyyttä ja tulevaisuutta sekä utopiaa ja dystopiaa. Asiasanat tieteiskirjallisuus, hirviöt, pelko, ahdistus, tulevaisuus, teknologia, dystopia, utopia, orgaaninen, keinotekoinen, tekoäly CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 2. THE MONSTER AND FEAR ............................................................................... 4 2.1. THE MONSTER .............................................................................................................. 4 2.2. FEAR ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.3. THE OTHER .................................................................................................................. 8 2.4. LIMINALITY .................................................................................................................. 9 2.5. CROSSING BOUNDARIES ............................................................................................ 13 3. SCIENCE FICTION .......................................................................................... 16 3.1. FEAR OF PROGRESS ................................................................................................... 18 3.2. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ........................................................................................ 20 3.3. DYSTOPIA AND UTOPIA ............................................................................................. 22 4. THE HYPERION CANTOS AND THE SHRIKE ..................................................... 26 4.1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS THE OTHER ............................................................... 27 4.2. THE SHRIKE .............................................................................................................. 32 4.3. THE SHRIKE’S LIMINALITY ........................................................................................ 33 4.4. PART OF A MONSTROUS GENEALOGY ........................................................................ 37 4.5. PAGAN GOD ............................................................................................................... 40 5. FEAR OF PROGRESS AND DYSTOPIA ............................................................. 44 5.1. FEAR OF PROGRESS IN THE CANTOS .......................................................................... 44 5.2. DYSTOPIAN UTOPIA .................................................................................................. 48 5.3. VISIONS OF DYSTOPIA AND UTOPIA .......................................................................... 51 5.4. PILGRIMS’ TALES; LOSING HUMANITY ....................................................................... 55 5.5. IMPLIED UTOPIA ....................................................................................................... 58 6. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 61 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 64 List of abbreViations The Cantos: Simmons Dan 2004. The Hyperion Omnibus. London: Gollancz. The Fall: Simmons Dan 1990. The Fall of Hyperion. In Simmons 2004: 351-779. 1. Introduction Among the things that science fiction deals with is sense of fear. What can go wrong when we do scientific experiments? What will technological development lead to? What threats await us in space? Most importantly: what will the future hold for humanity? These are questions to which the genre of science fiction has provided many possible answers. A popular way in the genre to express this sense of fear is through a monster. The monster can be an alien, a robot, a cyborg or a computer. We have watched and read about alien invasions, homicidal robots and lab experiments gone wrong. What is perhaps most relevant to our time is the speculative fiction that explores a future where technology develops beyond control and decides to wage war on mankind. In this type of science fiction technology takes the role of a monster. My thesis deals with the last example: the fear of technology turning against the human race, and how a monster can function as a representative of this fear. I will examine Dan Simmons’ Hyperion and The Fall of Hyperion, together known as The Hyperion Cantos. When referring to both of the novels at the same time, I shall refer to them as The Cantos. This name originally referred to only these two novels, whereas now it has become to refer to a wider body of work by Simmons that consists of two further novels and some short stories. For reasons of clarity, in my thesis The Cantos only refers to Hyperion and The Fall of Hyperion. When referring to The Fall of Hyperion, I will abbreviate it as The Fall. Whenever the name Hyperion appears non-italicized in my text, it refers to the planet in the novels, not the first novel itself. Simmons’ novels take place in a future world where humans have colonized space and rely completely on technology. The problem is that the computer network and cyberspace have evolved into an artificial intelligence entity known as the TechnoCore, which has its own agenda. The monster that lurks in the recesses of a distant colony planet Hyperion represents the threat of 1 artificial intelligence by being part organic, part machine: a liminal hybrid entity known as the Shrike. While being a “killing machine”, the Shrike is also worshipped as a god, to which the citizens of Hyperion and the followers of the cultist Church of the Final Atonement make human sacrifices. This makes the Shrike not only part organic, part machine, but also part past and part future: as an organic killing machine sent back from the future it represents fear of the future, but as a terrifying pagan god of a church that demands human sacrifice it represents fear of the past. In the technological context of the novels, a pagan god such as the Shrike represents a dark past, a past where people were followers of religions that used fear to control them. Fear of the future is a common enough theme for science fiction, but what makes Hyperion and The Fall special is the way in which progress results in regression, technological development leads to devolution, and through these processes the fear of the future merges with the fear of the past. In my thesis, I will analyse how the fears of the past and the future combine in the monstrous body of the Shrike, and through my analysis I will demonstrate how the conflict between humanity and artificial intelligence can be depicted through a world that I will call dystopian utopia. By drawing conclusions on the basis of the thesis, I will demonstrate how the liminal body of the Shrike represents the conflict between technology and humanity, a conflict that brings the fear of past threats into the future. Furthermore, I will demonstrate that this liminal body represents an interconnected structure of liminalities found in the novels through which the central conflict between man and machine plays out. These liminalities are self and Other, artificial and organic, past and future,