Waltermaurer et al. BMC Women's Health 2013, 13:44 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6874/13/44 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access An examination of domestic partner violence and its justification in the Republic of Georgia Eve Waltermaurer1*, Maia Butsashvili2*, Nata Avaliani2, Steve Samuels3 and Louise-Anne McNutt3 Abstract Background: Little research on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and social perceptions toward this behavior has been disseminated from Eastern Europe. This study explores the prevalence and risk factors of IPV and the justification of this behavior among women in the Republic of Georgia. It seeks to better understand how IPV and IPV justification relate and how social justification of IPV differs across socio-economic measures among this population of women. Methods: This study utilizes a national sample of ever-married women from the Republic of Georgia (N = 4,302). We describe the factors that predict IPV justification among these women and the relationship between of the acceptability of IPV and victimization overall and across socio-demographic factors. Results: While the overall lifetime prevalence of IPV in this sample was relatively low (4%), these women were two to four times more likely to justify IPV, Just under one-quarter of the sample agreed that IPV was justified in at least one scenario, namely when the wife was unfaithful, compared with women who had no experience being abused by a partner. Georgian women who were poor, from a rural community, had lower education, were not working and who experienced child abuse or IPV among their parents were more likely to justify this behavior. Conclusions: These findings begin to fill a gap in our understanding of IPV experienced by women in Eastern Europe. In addition, these findings emphasize the need for researchers, practitioners and policy makers to contextualize IPV in terms of the justification of this behavior among the population being considered as this can play an important role in perpetration, victimization and response. Keywords: Partner violence, Social norms, Women, Gender, Republic of Georgia Background violent conflicts and ethnic cleansing. Furthermore, so- With little to no published research on intimate partner cioeconomic changes during the intervening decades violence disseminated from Eastern Europe, this study have created an environment conducive to increasing pays particular focus on IPV and the social justification IPV. Prior to the upheaval Georgia experienced relative of this behavior among women from Georgia. Georgia income equality, but after 1990 increased inflation drove has experienced a tremendous amount of social and the poverty rate up. Although the United Nations Com- economic turmoil in the past two decades following mission on Humans Rights adopted their Declaration on its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Upon the Elimination of Violence against Women in 1993 [1], gaining sovereignty, Georgia has undergone several it was not until 2006 that Georgia instituted its first law armed conflicts resulting in splitting the country and on domestic violence and defined it to include acts of establishing de-facto separated regions of South Ossetia physical, psychological, economic and sexual violence and Abkhazia. Disagreement over reforms resulted in between family members. Furthermore, domestic vio- lence laws in Georgia are argued to be vague as they are * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] enveloped into general criminal codes against violence, 1 Department of Sociology, State University of New York, New Paltz, tending to ignore domestic violence as a unique condi- NY 12561, USA 2National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi 0177, Georgia tion and paying no regard to psychological violence [2]. Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2013 Waltermaurer et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Waltermaurer et al. BMC Women's Health 2013, 13:44 Page 2 of 9 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6874/13/44 Interestingly, the IPV data that have been reported show violence being gender symmetric, an argument that the prevalence in Georgia as being notably low – fewer stems from the idea that behaviors of both males and than 8% of women report ever experiencing any females reflect that of their larger culture’s endorsement victimization [3,4]. For context, a multi-county study on of violence, these general attitudes about the acceptabil- women’s health and domestic violence in ten countries ity or non-acceptability of violent behaviors can influ- between the years of 2000 and 2003 conducted by the ence the justification of partner violence in subtle ways. World Health Organization (WHO) obtained IPV preva- A key element of the common couple violence frame- lence rates ranging from 15%-71% with only two coun- work includes the nature of what behaviors we define as tries with a prevalence of under 25% [5]. This lower IPV violent, for example lower threshold violence may en- prevalence in Georgia seems to contradict research iden- compasses greater female perpetrators while acts of tifying a typically higher rate of IPV in countries highly domestic homicide primarily are perpetrated by males. impacted by conflict [6,7]. In one British study it was found that there was not full While there have been high levels of conflict experi- agreement as to what behaviors constituted partner vio- enced by the populace, Georgians are more often the lence finding that 16% of urban participants did not feel victims than the oppressors. Yet on an individual level, slapping denoted partner violence and 5% did not feel gender power differentials have been featured in Georgia’s getting punched was an act of partner violence [19]. past including bridal kidnappings where men would kid- Clearly if a behavior is not seen as violent, it will be nap virgin women to rape them in order to keep them deemed more acceptable by those who experience, per- from marrying any man except for the offender [8]. Given petrate and respond to it. these experiences, it is interesting to contextualize IPV in The patriarchal terrorism theory points to social atti- Georgia within a larger framework of social justification of tudes around the role of women in relation to men as this behavior. The examination of partner violence justifi- the source of partner violence [20]. The role of patri- cation and its impact on IPV victimization has seen some archy within a culture plays an intricate role in social growth internationally [5,9-13]. These studies have found perceptions of partner violence toward women as it can that the rate of justification in many countries are quite support attitudes that men are not responsible for their high and can vary by the reason for abuse (e.g. neglect of behaviors whereas women are to blame [21], women’s child, infidelity). Furthermore, these studies found that behaviors are the triggers of violence by partners [22], women tended to approve of IPV at a greater rate than and that women secretly desire this exertion of power males and factors reflecting lower socio-economic status [9]. These attitudes interchange with the level of toler- resulted in typically higher acceptance of IPV. ance an individual will feel toward IPV which in turn Drawing from a small but growing body of inter- can play an important role in influencing whether these national research, conducted primarily over the last dec- violent acts are reported to a third party such as the ade, a clearer understanding of the interaction between police [23,24]. social justification of partner violence and its incidence Examples of patriarchal hegemony in Georgia do exist. has developed. “Injunctive” social norms, or consensus While the actual prevalence is not known, there was a about IPV being acceptable or not within a community time when bridal kidnapping, where single men would [12,14] recognizes that while partner violence often kidnap virgin women to rape them in order to keep occurs in the privacy of one’s home, it is informed by them from marrying any man except for the offender the attitudes of the larger society. Furthermore, cultural were not uncommon [8]. Yet, for over a decade, the rate differences in the incidence of partner violence has been of reported partner violence is Georgia is consistently argued as a reflection the attitudes shared by the group low [3,4]. Georgia provides an interesting case study as that governs interactions within each culture [15]. The it conceptually represents a society like the U.S and conceptualization of the intersection between social Europe of the past in which women may be viewed as norming and IPV is integrated within the earliest con- inferior, but families are often intact and multigener- ceptualizations of this problem. Two of the most often ational, and the influences of the western world are only cited theoretical frameworks applied to understand or recently emerging. Within this context it is further rele- distinguish types of partner violence are common couple vant to understand the role of socio-demographics such violence theory and the theory of patriarchal terrorism; as age, geography, marital status, education, work status each conceptualization centers strongly on the role of and wealth play in this dynamic as we recognize these social perceptions of violence and/or women [16,17]. factors influence IPV consistently across the globe [25]. The common couple violence theory posits that To further explore the relationship between IPV vic- general social attitudes toward violence are central to timization and the acceptance of this behavior among producing a more violent society where IPV can exist Georgian women, our study takes advantage of the justi- [18].