TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 9 Acknowledgments 11 Introduction 13 Chapter 1 A Brief History of Type 15 Sounds to Symbols 15 Gutenberg and Movable Type 18 The Industrial Revolution and the Mechanization of Type 21 Photocomposition 22 Into the Digital Age 22 Herb Lubalin and Expressive Typography (sidebar) 23 Notable Type Designers (sidebar) 26 Exercises: Design Guidelines, Nancy Sharon Collins 30 Typographic Timeline, Ilene Strizver 32 Historical Design, Ilene Strizver 33 Type Poster, David Kadavy 34 Chapter 2 From Metal to Mac: Understanding Font Technology 35 What Is a Font? 35 Font Formats 35 Type 1 (or PostScript) Fonts 36 TrueType Fonts 37 OpenType Fonts 37 OpenType Features (sidebar) 40 Hinting 41 Font Management Utilities 41 Techtip: OpenType Font Identifiers 41 Typetip: Long S 42 Typetip: Font vs. Typeface 42 Techtip: Style-Linked Fonts 42 Exercise: Identifying Your OpenType Fonts, Ilene Strizver 42 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Chapter 3 What Makes a Typeface Look the Way It Does? 45 Parts of a Character 46 Type Categories 48 Serif 48 Sans Serif 50 Scripts 51 Handwriting 52 Blackletter 53 Titling Fonts 53 Opticals and Size-Sensitive Fonts 54 Typetip: One- and Two-Storey Lowercase As and Gs 55 Decorative and Display 56 3 002_542514_ftoc.indd2_542514_ftoc.indd 3 66/1/10/1/10 33:05:05 PPMM Typetip: Character vs. Glyph 57 Exercises: Think Like a Type Designer, Ilene Strizver 58 Personal Type Specimen Book, Ilene Strizver 59 Type Specimen Book and Typeface Analysis (Group Project), Audrey G. Bennett 60 On Beyond Zebra: The 27th Letter Assignment, Virginia Rougon Chavis 62 Typeface Comparison Book, Joey Hannaford 64 Real Signage Critique, Amelia Hugill-Fontanel 69 Chapter 4 Selecting the Right Type for the Job 71 Design Goals 71 Legibility and Readability 73 What Makes a Good Typeface? 74 Text vs. Display 76 Script, Calligraphic, and Handwriting Fonts 77 Super Families and Systems 78 When the Best Font for the Job Isn’t a Font 81 Typographic Illustration 86 Mixing It Up 90 Dos and Don’ts 93 Typetip: Type Specimens 94 Typetip: A Bodoni by Any Other Name? 95 Exercises: Why Are All the Scary Typefaces Pointy? Christopher Andreola 96 A Garamond Is a Garamond Is a Garamond…or Is It? Ilene Strizver 97 Legibility and Readability Study, Peter Bain, Ilene Strizver 100 Chapter 5 Formatting Your Type 103 Type Size 103 Line Length 104 Line Spacing (Leading) 104 Techtip: Auto Leading 107 Alignment 108 Techtip: Style Sheets 111 Indents and Other Paragraph Separators 119 Techtip: Importing Copy 122 Typetip: Standard Ligatures 123 Typetip: Footnotes and Endnotes 123 Exercises: Typographic Hierarchy Study, Elizabeth Resnick 124 Typographic Contrast, Kimberly Elam 126 Chapter 6 Techniques for Emphasis 131 Italics 132 Boldface (or Weight Contrast) 133 Underscores 136 Cap vs. Lowercase 137 Point Size 138 Wide vs. Narrow 139 Changing Typestyle 140 Changing Color or Shade 140 Exercises: Currency Redesign, Jimmy Moss 146 Expressive Typography, Stephanie Nace 148 4 002_542514_ftoc.indd2_542514_ftoc.indd 4 66/1/10/1/10 33:05:05 PPMM Chapter 7 Fine-Tuning and Tweaking Your Type 151 Hyphenation 151 Techtip: Discretionary Hyphens 152 Hung Punctuation and Optical Margin Alignment 153 Techtip: Hung Punctuation and Margin Alignment 154 Visual Alignment 155 Rags 158 Typetip: Breaking for Sense 159 Techtip: Adobe Text Composer 159 Tracking 160 Techtip: Adjusting Tracking 161 Typetip: Scaling Logos 161 Techtip: Glyph Positioning and Baseline Shift 163 Kerning 164 Techtip: Adjusting Kerning 167 Typetip: Type on a Curve 169 Word Spacing 170 Techtip: Adjusting Word Spacing 171 Exercises: Information Hierarchy Book, David Kadavy 172 Spacing, Kerning, and Visual Alignment Exploration, Ilene Strizver 174 Chapter 8 Finessing Your Type 177 Figures 177 Techtip: Accessing Figures in OpenType Fonts 179 Small Caps 180 Techtip: How to Access True-Drawn Small Caps 182 Initial Letters 183 Swash Characters 189 Alternate Characters 190 Type and Color 191 Exercise: Concert Poster Design, Frank Armstrong 192 Chapter 9 Typographic Typos (and How to Avoid Them) 195 Word Spaces 196 Quotation Marks 197 Techtip: Unwanted Smart Quotes 198 Apostrophes 199 Primes 199 Hyphen, En Dash, and Em Dash 200 Widows and Orphans 202 Computer-Generated Styling 202 Poorly Justified Type 203 Fake Small Caps 203 Letterspacing Lowercase 203 Exercise: Editorial Design, Ilene Strizver 204 Chapter 10 Fractions, Signs, Symbols, and Dingbats 207 Fractions 207 Techtip: Creating Fractions in OpenType Fonts 208 Techtip: Fractions in QuarkXPress 208 Bullets 209 5 002_542514_ftoc.indd2_542514_ftoc.indd 5 66/1/10/1/10 33:05:05 PPMM Techtip: Indenting Bulleted Lists 210 Registered, Trademark, and Copyright Symbols 211 Techtip: Circle P 212 Accents and Accented Characters 213 Typetip: Creating Accented Characters 213 Parentheses, Brackets, Braces, and Angled Brackets 214 Ellipses 216 Euro 216 End Marks 217 Dingbats 217 Exercises: Typographic Principles Card Set, Regina Rowland 218 Spa Brochure, Ilene Strizver 220 Chapter 11 Nonprint Typography 223 Type on the Web 223 Characteristics of Web Typography 223 Web-Safe Fonts 226 Smart Punctuation on the Web 227 Cascading Style Sheets 228 Font Embedding 229 Type as Graphic 229 Dos and Don’ts 230 Type in Motion 230 Combining Type and Motion 231 Basic Guidelines 231 How to Get Started 234 Dos and Don’ts 234 Exercises: The Crystal Goblet Online: An Assignment in Two Parts, Laura Franz 236 Four Squares: Text, Color, Motion, Heather Shaw 239 enCODE / deCODE, Heather Shaw 243 Chapter 12 Designing Your Own Typeface 247 Handwriting Fonts: A Good Place to Begin 247 Three Approaches to Designing a Typeface 250 Professional Guidelines 252 Techtip: Font Production Editors 253 Exercises: Introduction to Type Design: Symphony, James Montalbano 254 Digitize Your Signature, James Montalbano 258 Glossary 261 Bibliography 264 Picture Credits 265 Digital Font Foundries and Distributors 266 Typographic Resources 267 Index 268 6 002_542514_ftoc.indd2_542514_ftoc.indd 6 66/1/10/1/10 33:05:05 PPMM.