Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät Institut für Politikwissenschaft MASTER THESIS ‘Of populists, chauvinists and welfare states’ Populist Radical Right Parties’ social policy stance and its attitudinal and value base Schriftliche Arbeit zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades „Magister Artium“ an der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Bieling Zweitgutachten: Dr. Rolf Frankenberger Eingereicht von: Moritz Gartiser Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit, dass ich diese Arbeit selbstständig und nur mit den angegebenen Hilfsmitteln angefertigt habe und dass ich alle Stellen, die dem Wortlaut oder dem Sinn nach anderen Werken oder dem Internet entnommen sind, durch Angabe der Quellen als Entlehnung kenntlich gemacht habe. Mir ist bewusst, dass Plagiate als Täuschungsversuch gewertet werden und im Wiederholungsfall zum Verlust der Prüfungsberechtigung führen können. __________________ ______________________ Ort, Datum Unterschrift Table of contents List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... i List of tables ............................................................................................................................................. i Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... ii 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 2 Populist Radical Right Parties and the socioeconomic position puzzle ...................................... 5 2.1 Defining the nature of PRRP ................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Populism as a ‘thin’ ideology .......................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 The Populist Radical Right Party family - a definition ................................................... 8 2.2 The socioeconomic puzzle ...................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 The (un)conscious economic actor .................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Macro-structural explanations ....................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 Demand-side explanations ............................................................................................. 11 2.2.4 Supply-side explanations ............................................................................................... 14 2.2.5 Welfare chauvinism – the unifying factor? ................................................................... 16 3 Theoretical framework of analysis – regimes, attitudes and values .......................................... 19 3.1 Basic research design ............................................................................................................ 19 3.2 Welfare regime theory ........................................................................................................... 22 3.3 Policy feedback literature ...................................................................................................... 26 3.3.1 A general account .......................................................................................................... 26 3.3.2 Welfare regimes as structuring institutions ................................................................... 27 3.3.3 The institutional framing of welfare attitudes ............................................................... 28 3.3.4 Welfare chauvinist rationales – framing immigration ................................................... 31 3.4 Value underpinnings .............................................................................................................. 34 4 General theoretical expectations ................................................................................................ 38 5 Methodology & data .................................................................................................................. 40 5.1 The ESS dataset ..................................................................................................................... 40 5.2 Welfare chauvinist attitudes .................................................................................................. 41 5.3 Value base ............................................................................................................................. 43 5.4 The attitudinal base of PRRP ................................................................................................ 44 6 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 46 6.1 Differing welfare rationales ................................................................................................... 46 6.2 The value bases of welfare regimes ....................................................................................... 52 6.3 The welfare rationales of PRRP ............................................................................................ 56 7 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 63 8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 73 References ............................................................................................................................................. 76 List of figures Figure 1 - The political system and its functions ..................................................................... 20 Figure 2 - Theoretical model of relations among ten motivational types of values ................. 36 Figure 3 - Intensity ratio of rationale scores ............................................................................ 57 Figure 4 - Relative relevance of rationale scores of parties ..................................................... 58 Figure 5 - Intensity ratio of rationale scores according to regime types .................................. 61 Figure 6 - Relative relevance of rationale scores according to regime types (percentage of total scores) ....................................................................................................................... 62 List of tables Table 1 - Countries included in ESS data sets ......................................................................... 40 Table 2 - Question wording for the ESS-7 items ..................................................................... 42 Table 3 - Question wording for the ESS-8 items ..................................................................... 44 Table 4 – Results for the MANOVA multivariate testsa .......................................................... 47 Table 5 – Box’s Test of Equality of Covariance Matrices ....................................................... 48 Table 6 - Levene's Test of Error Variancesa ............................................................................. 48 Table 7 - REGWQ-range self-interest rationales ..................................................................... 49 Table 8 - REGWQ-range deservingness rationales .................................................................. 49 Table 9 - REGWQ-range economic sociotropic rationales ...................................................... 50 Table 10 - REGWQ-range cultural sociotropic rationales ....................................................... 50 Table 11 - Standardised canonical discriminant function coefficients..................................... 51 Table 12 - Discriminant function structure matrix ................................................................... 51 Table 13 - Results of MANOVA multivariate testsa ................................................................ 52 Table 14 - Box's test of equality of covariance matricesa ........................................................ 53 Table 15 - Levene's test of equality of error variancesa ........................................................... 53 Table 16 - REGWQ-range conservation values ....................................................................... 54 Table 17 - REGWQ-range self-transcendence values .............................................................. 54 Table 18 - REGWQ-range self-enhancement values ............................................................... 54 Table 19 - Standardised canonical discriminant function coefficients..................................... 55 Table 20 - Discriminant analysis structure matrix ................................................................... 55 i Abbreviations AfD Alternative für Deutschland CEE Central and Eastern Europe CEEC Central and Eastern European countries EEA European Economic Area ESS European Social Survey ESS ERIC European Social Survey European Research Infrastructure Fidesz Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége FN Front National FPÖ Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs KMO Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure Lega Nord Lega Nord per l’indipendenza della Padania MANOVA Multivariate analysis of variance NGO Non-governmental organisation NHS National Health Service