www.ccsenet.org/ijps International Journal of Psychological Studies Vol. 2, No. 2; December 2010 Personality Trait Structure of Shanxi Business-tycoons in the Chinese Ming and Qing Dynasties Jianjun Zheng (Corresponding author) Institute of Political Science, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences NO. 5 Jian Guo Men Nei Da Jie, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100732, China E-mail: [email protected] Jiping Yang Department of Psychology, Shanxi University NO. 92 Wucheng Lu, Taiyuan 030006, China E-mail: [email protected] Hao Feng Shanxi Finance and Taxation College NO. 25 Qianfeng North Road, Wanbolin District, Taiyuan 030024, China E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Taking lexical hypothesis of personality trait theory as methodology, this paper attempts to give a quantitative analysis on the personality structure of Shanxi business-tycoons in the Chinese Ming and Qing dynasties (PSSM) from psychology views. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of data from a sample of 152 effective questionnaires shows that their personalities consisted of four factors, including “honest and righteous”, “wise and confident”, “calm and persevering” and “determined and promising”. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of data from another sample of 305 effective questionnaires further confirmed PSSM factorial validity, and fitting indexes were all reasonable. The above results have indicated the cultural inheritance of personality trait as well as the uniqueness and continuity of regional personality trait. Keywords: Chinese personality, Shanxi business-tycoons in the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Personality structure 1. Introduction Jin Merchants in the Ming and Qing dynasties usually refer to the Shanxi merchants of the Ming and Qing dynasties in ancient China. As the earliest merchants in Chinese history, they are dated back to Spring-Autumn and Warring States periods of China. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the golden age of Shanxi merchants, which had occupied the first place among China’s top ten merchant leagues. During that time, they had accomplished numerous business miracles with their great financial strength, advanced management, integrity-based business culture and vast business territories. Their stores, selling salt, iron, cotton, textile, fur, silk and tea, and banks had covered every part of China, and even reached Europe, Japan, South East Asia and Arab countries, ruling China’s business circle for 500 years(Liu, Feng, & Ji, 2004). They had been ranked with Italian merchants, thus enjoying a world-wide reputation. As a special group - both merchant and Confucian flourishing- in Chinese socio-economic arena from the end of the 14th century to the early 20th century, they have not only become the focus of some traditional participants, such as history, economics and sociology etc., there are also some scholars researching their organization culture, management and recognition etc. from psychology views recently (Yang & Zheng, 2005, 2006a, 2006b). The glory they achieved not only associates with the social and historical background of that time, but also has close relationship with their personality traits forming under the influence of Chinese traditional culture and Chinese civilization in the Yellow River valley. Most of studies on Shanxi merchants’ personality adopt qualitative study pattern and start from history and sociology views(Cui, 2005; Guo, 2006); while this research, after reviewing and summarizing relevant achievements on “Chinese Personality”, “Ancient Chinese Personality” as well as “Ancient Chinese Merchants’ Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 117 www.ccsenet.org/ijps International Journal of Psychological Studies Vol. 2, No. 2; December 2010 Personality”, takes lexical hypothesis of personality trait theory as methodology, and then attempts to give a quantitative analysis to the personality structure of Shanxi business-tycoons during the Ming and Qing Dynasties from psychology views. Besides, existing researches show that there is high correlation between leaders’ personality trait and organization’s management performance; meanwhile, proper manager can be picked up by measuring the personality trait. Therefore, the study on Shanxi merchants’ personality structure will not only promote the localized research on Chinese personality, but also bear significant theoretical and practical meanings for enriching the achievements of Shanxi merchants, summarizing the personality trait of high performance leaders and promoting modern social and economical development etc. Personality, as the mixture of individual’s capability, interest, attitude, qualities, thought, mood and other behavioral differences, is individual’s typical and relatively stable dynamic system of behaviors(McCrae & Costa, 1994); meanwhile, personality structure is also a result that individual’s inherited characteristics, social situation and culture act together(Wang & Cui, 2000). Therefore, the similarity or diversity of personality structure is partly due to the similarity or diversity of social situation and culture at that time, and the differences between Chinese and Western cultures also make their personality structure and behavioral patterns different from each other. Faced with the problem - whether the western personality theory formed under the background of western culture is also applicable to Chinese, it appears to be imperative and necessary to sinicize and localize the personality study(Huang, 2004). In recent years, apart from some scholars from Hong Kong and Taiwan(Li & Yang, 2006; Song, Zhang, & Zhang, 1993; Wen & Xiao, 2006), researchers in Chinese mainland also studied Chinese personality and put forward “Big Seven” Factor Model(Cui & Wang, 2003; Wang, Cui & Zhou, 2005; Wang & Cui, 2003, 2004) and “Big Six” Factor Model (Cheung et al., 1996; Cheung et al., 2001; Zhang & Zhou, 2006)concerning Chinese personality. Some western psychologists think that the “Big Five” Model for westerner’s personality, which consists of extraversion, agreeableness, impartiality, emotional stability and openness, is correct for all cultures, and has cross-cultural consistency(McCrae & Costa, 1997); but some studies have shown that the four dimensions for Chinese personality (“outgoing and active”, “gentle and amiable”, “precise and self-controlled” and “warm and straightforward”) partly correspond to the dimensions for western personality (extraversion, agreeableness, impartiality, emotional stability), but the other three dimensions, which are “smart and capable”, “plain and honest” and “kind and friendly”, are typical features of Chinese; whereas “openness” which is absent in Chinese personality is typical for westerner(Wang, Cui & Zhou, 2005; Wang & Cui, 2004). However, Zhang & Zhou ( 2006) have adopted CPAI (China Personality Assessment Inventory) and found the Six Factor Model of Chinese personality which consists of emotional stability, conscientiousness, agreeableness, out-inwardness, social relations and openness. The “Big Six” Model includes both “social relations”, which shows Chinese humanity and ethical spirit, and “openness”, which reflects western spirit of exploration. The localization of Chinese personality study has made certain achievements, but it needs to be further strengthened in both scope and depth. Meanwhile, apart from inheritance, individual’s personality is also greatly influenced by the society, environment and culture of that time. Therefore, the study should also emphasize the unique culture of China, while learn from western experience, so as to assess and research the formation, development and transformation etc. of Chinese personality from deeper cultural views. Although China’s modernization has been more than one hundred years, Chinese history has branded both Chinese individual and society with unique cultural features. Therefore, obviously, accurately grasping Chinese personality trait needs to understand ancient Chinese personality and its structure firstly. Currently, psychological studies centered on ancient Chinese personality are rare to see, and most of them belong to qualitative studies from history and culture views. Among them, studies on the ancient Chinese Confucians personality showed that the ancient Chinese had regarded loyalty, faithfulness, etiquette, righteousness and benevolence as their ideal personalities for self cultivation, and pursued integrity and personal independence (Zhang, 2005). Ancient Chinese personality had been influenced by Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism etc. together (Zeng, 1993; Zhang, 2006). Confucius put forward the physical type theory of personality(Yan & Wang, 2008; Yang, 1997), dividing personality from virtue, intelligence and nature and emphasizing the unity of virtue and intelligence(Jing, 2008); Xun Zi focused on “courage” of personality; Mo School paid attention to “chivalry”; and the Personality Records, a book on ancient Chinese personality wrote by Liu Zhao, put forward the intellectual traits of ancient Chinese personality: virtue (Moderation, flat) and courage (intelligent, brave) (Shang, 2006). In recent years, some scholars in Chinese mainland have attempted to study the personality of ancient Chinese and historical characters with quantitative method. Some researchers adopted historical psychology to study the personality of Liang Shu-ming, a Chinese Confucian master, with a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis(Zheng, Huang, & Zhang, 2003); besides, Yang(2005)carried out a quantitative study on ancient Chinese